揭开“膳食纤维、微生物与健康“之间神秘关联的面纱

2018-11-14 佚名 中国生物技术网

长期以来,富含纤维的饮食一直被认为与诸多健康益处相关,其中主要包括预防心脏和动脉免受动脉粥样硬化的破坏。然而,想要弄清楚我们吃下的纤维是如何保心脏却不是件易事。近日,有一条线索来自于肠道菌群多样性对健康影响的理解出现了革命性的进展。肠道微生物帮助我们处理食物,特别是纤维,也许这些有益微生物在某种程度上使不可消化的植物部分变成了对心脏健康有益的成分。但这种联系是不确定的。为了探究纤维与心脏健康之间的

长期以来,富含纤维的饮食一直被认为与诸多健康益处相关,其中主要包括预防心脏和动脉免受动脉粥样硬化的破坏。然而,想要弄清楚我们吃下的纤维是如何保心脏却不是件易事。

近日,有一条线索来自于肠道菌群多样性对健康影响的理解出现了革命性的进展。肠道微生物帮助我们处理食物,特别是纤维,也许这些有益微生物在某种程度上使不可消化的植物部分变成了对心脏健康有益的成分。但这种联系是不确定的。

为了探究纤维与心脏健康之间的微生物联系,美国威斯康星大学的研究人员已经确定了一种特定的脂肪酸作为高纤维饮食在小鼠模型中某些保护作用的机制。这种脂肪酸被称为丁酸盐,它是由消化植物纤维时肠道中的特定细菌属(Roseburia)产生的。

研究人员发现,与没有这种细菌的普通小鼠相比,携带产生丁酸盐的细菌并同时食用高纤维饮食的小鼠患动脉粥样硬化的情况更少,炎症也更少。但携带Roseburia细菌却食用较少纤维的小鼠则不会受到保护,因为没有纤维的话细菌也无法产生丁酸盐。

用缓释形式的丁酸喂养的小鼠自身也受到保护免于动脉粥样硬化,这表明这种分子是决定纤维与心脏之间关系的关键。该研究近日已发表在《Nature Microbiology》上,由威斯康星大学的细菌学教授Federico Rey主导。

Rey说:“动脉粥样硬化在历史上被认为是一种脂质代谢疾病,控制这种疾病通常集中在降低血液中的胆固醇和其他脂肪水平上。但是过去几十年中,它被修改为是一种慢性炎症性疾病。”

因此,减轻动脉粥样硬化的关键可能是降低整体炎症,特别是血液中的,使炎症保持在低水平部分依赖于强壮的肠道屏障。

研究第一作者、博士后研究员Kazuyuki Kasahara说:“肠道的一个重要功能是将我们友好的细菌保持在一定距离。”

当有益细菌的炎性分子脱离肠道进入血液时它们就会引起广泛的炎症。为了阻止这些分子,健康肠道细胞会相互之间紧密附着在一起,建立起完整的屏障。但是这种屏障是可以被打破的。

Rey说:“当这种附着变得松散时,肠道就会出现‘渗漏’。肠道渗漏会导致更多炎症。”

为了研究丁酸盐对肠道和动脉粥样硬化的影响,Kasahara将特定菌群(无论有无丁酸盐产生)定植到无菌小鼠体内,然后分别对它们喂食富含纤维或缺乏纤维的食物。

研究人员们发现,拥有Roseburia细菌的小鼠体内几种炎症标志物的水平较低,动脉粥样硬化的程度也较低,但前提是它们食用高纤维食物才会如此。如果没有纤维的话,Roseburia细菌的水平会下降,小鼠依然会受到动脉粥样硬化的影响。研究人员使用了遗传上易患动脉粥样硬化的小鼠,因为普通小鼠不会发展出这种病。

为了确定丁酸盐是否是Roseburia细菌保护作用的真正原因,Kasahara对体内没有Roseburia细菌的小鼠喂食这种脂肪酸。因为纯丁酸盐会很快被上肠的细胞吸收,所以Kasahara给小鼠喂食一种缓释版本的丁酸盐,使其在下肠内保持完整。

缓释丁酸盐使脂肪斑块的范围减少了三分之一,并减少了炎症和动脉粥样硬化的其他标志物。这表明脂肪酸是Roseburia细菌具有抗动脉粥样硬化作用的主要原因。

过去的研究表明,患有血管疾病的人含有较低水平的Roseburia细菌和其他能够产生丁酸盐的细菌。这项新研究首次证实了膳食纤维、微生物和健康之间存在神秘关联的原因。然而,研究人员提醒说,这些结果并没有表明丁酸盐可以作为一种对心脏健康有益的新型补充剂,饮食中的纤维仍然是保持肠道健康的最理想方式。

至少,这是Rey多年研究纤维对健康影响的成果。他说:“我买的所有面包都是高纤维的、全谷类的。我在早上吃燕麦粥。”

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    2018-11-16 zhaojie88
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    2018-11-16 一天没事干

    很好的学习机会

    0

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    2018-11-15 kafei

    学习了谢谢

    0

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    2018-11-15 yjs木玉

    学习学习再学习

    0

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Cell:膳食纤维竟能诱发肝癌?专家称:天然膳食纤维可放心吃!

近些年来,膳食纤维备受追捧,但10月18日一篇发表在《细胞》杂志上的文章却让人跌破眼镜:膳食纤维竟然能够诱发肝癌?

Gastroenterology:膳食纤维有助于预防大便失禁

研究认为长期高水平的摄入膳食纤维可显著降低老年人群大便失禁风险

JAMA Oncol:增加膳食纤维摄入可以降低结直肠癌的病死率

既往的研究显示,高膳食纤维饮食可以降低结直肠癌的发病风险,但对于结直肠癌患者,增加膳食纤维摄入是否可以降低患者的总生存和结直肠癌特异性生存?目前尚无定论。近日,《JAMA Oncology》发表了一项前瞻性的队列研究,分析结直肠癌患者诊断后的膳食纤维摄入和患者总生存的关系。

Ann Pharmacother:2004~2013年美国膳食补充剂的不良事件知多少

2018年5月,美国科学家在《Ann Pharmacother》发布了2004~2013年美国食品和药品监督管理局(FDA)食品安全和应用营养中心(CFSAN)不良反应事件报告系统的膳食补充剂的不良事件报告数据。

JAMA Oncology:预防结肠癌 您小看了膳食纤维

不仅众多的饮食与结肠癌的流行病学研究证实结肠癌发病率与膳食纤维摄入相关,而且多进食膳食纤维可预防肠癌,已经成为妇孺皆知的保健常识。