四表在手,天下我有!教你轻松搞定外科会诊

2018-01-26 英硕 医学界心血管频道

随着人口老龄化进程加速,住院患者岁数越来越大,高龄老人通常会合并多种疾病,心脏病是肯定少不了的,当外科患者请心内科会诊时,我们总是一脸茫然,此类患者该如何抗栓呢?

随着人口老龄化进程加速,住院患者岁数越来越大,高龄老人通常会合并多种疾病,心脏病是肯定少不了的,当外科患者请心内科会诊时,我们总是一脸茫然,此类患者该如何抗栓呢?

不用怕,今天和大家共同学习四张表格,轻松搞定外科会诊。先从一个案例说起。

病例简介

患者老年男性,70岁,主因“间断心前区疼痛1月”入院。

患者入院前1月慢走500米后出现心前区疼痛伴出汗及咽部紧缩感,休息约5-10分钟症状好转,后症状间断出现,多于活动后出现,未规律诊治,近2周来患者自觉上述症状较前加重,慢走约200米即可出现心前区疼痛伴出汗及咽部紧缩感。

至我院就诊查心电图示:窦性心律 V1-V3导联ST段压低0.1 mv,心肌酶未见异常。以“冠心病”收入院。既往高血压病史10年,1周前因摔倒致左侧腓骨骨折,至外院行石膏固定,有吸烟史。初步诊断:冠心病、恶化劳力型、心绞痛、高血压、腓骨骨折。

这是一名典型的心绞痛患者,而且是不稳定性心绞痛患者。首先,我们需要明确此类患者抗栓治疗方案。

1.下面,请上第一张表!

患者目前缺血风险高,需要我们进一步评价该患者出血风险,目前指南推荐CRUSADE出血风险评估量表(见表1)。


表1 CRUSADE出血风险评估量表

注:*既往血管疾病是指外周动脉疾病史或卒中史。肌酐清除率按Cockcroft-Gault公式推算。(红色字体为该患者情况。)

该患者CRUSADE出血风险评分为19分,出血风险等级为极低危,出血概率为3.1%。

所以,该患者应予双联抗血小板治疗。如暂行保守治疗,予阿司匹林300 mg+氯吡格雷300 mg负荷量,如行PCI治疗,予阿司匹林300 mg+600 mg或替格瑞洛180 mg负荷量,然后予维持量阿司匹林100 mg Qd+氯吡格雷75 mg Qd/替格瑞洛90 mg Bid。

如果患者仅存在冠心病,那抗栓治疗就到此为止了,但该患者存在骨折,需长期制动,有静脉血栓栓塞症(VTE)风险。

2.于是乎第二张表前来报到!

我们可使用指南推荐的Caprini模型(表2)


表2 Caprini VTE危险因素评估

注:红色字体为该患者情况



该患者Caprini VTE危险因素评分为12分,属于VTE高危,需要使用抗凝治疗。既然使用抗凝药物,就要评估其出血风险。

3.麻溜呈上第三张表!

下面需要引入另一个评分系统——HAS-BLED出血评分系统(表3)。


表3 HAS-BLED出血评分系统

注:红色字体为该患者情况

该患者HAS-BLED评分3分,为高出血风险。但该患者VTE风险显着高于出血风险,应加用抗凝药物,但需密切关注出血情况。

推荐使用维生素K拮抗剂,目前无新型口服抗凝剂(达比加群酯、利伐沙班、阿哌沙班、依度沙班)用于外科患者的证据。华法林起始2.0~3.0 mg/d,每周监测1~2次,连续3次INR均在2.0~3.0后,每月复查1~2次,华法林剂量根据INR调整。

当然,有些患者可能不是冠心病,而是房颤

4.那么,再免费赠送第四张表吧!


表4 CHADS2和CHA2DS2-VASc评分系统

这个病例虽看似简单,但其中包含了多种指南推荐的评分系统,因此在临床工作中我们需结合患者病情,多练习使用各种评分系统,以降低临床并发症风险,让我们轻松玩转外科会诊。

原始出处:

1.中华医学会心血管病学分会. 抗血小板治疗中国专家共识. 中华心血管病杂志, 2013, 41(3):183-194.

2.中华医学会外科学分会. 中国普通外科围手术期血栓预防与管理指南. 中华外科杂志. 2016, 54(5): 321-327.

3.朱铁楠. 围手术期出血风险评估及处理. 中国实用内科杂志. 2017, 37(2): 108-112.

4.Chiang CE, Okumura K, Zhang S, et al. 2017 consensus of the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society on stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. J Arrhythm. 2017, 33(4):345-367.

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    2018-02-22 1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称)

    学习学习.了解了解

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=289901, encodeId=584128990114, content=学习学习.了解了解, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Feb 22 09:33:00 CST 2018, time=2018-02-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1706699, encodeId=b3f41e066997b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c7fd2582e4b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#会诊#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=25827, encryptionId=c7fd2582e4b, topicName=会诊)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=39df31305194, createdName=1249859em48(暂无昵称), createdTime=Wed Feb 28 03:52:00 CST 2018, time=2018-02-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=282811, encodeId=82502828114b, content=非常好.谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/10/21/9461f3b3c9f14e1d844256cdd08f2cf3.jpg, createdBy=a30f1426910, createdName=swfzhanggui, createdTime=Sun Jan 28 08:33:16 CST 2018, time=2018-01-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=282766, encodeId=bf94282e66d5, content=外科会诊表的运用., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Sun Jan 28 07:03:43 CST 2018, time=2018-01-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=282363, encodeId=6acb2823636b, content=随着人口老龄化进程加速.住院患者岁数越来越大.高龄老人通常会合并多种疾病.心脏病是肯定少不了的.当外科患者请心内科会诊时.我们总是一脸茫然.此类患者该如何抗栓呢?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7cJ6ejWUr2nIia8qOvAKNdLHr32Df6G8iaoaOx6pHaoiacwp26DaslxZHCGbibZhhCGven4rvmWP60GahtzgFjgCjR/0, createdBy=6b111703011, createdName=有备才能无患, createdTime=Fri Jan 26 23:31:42 CST 2018, time=2018-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=289901, encodeId=584128990114, content=学习学习.了解了解, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Feb 22 09:33:00 CST 2018, time=2018-02-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1706699, encodeId=b3f41e066997b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c7fd2582e4b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#会诊#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=25827, encryptionId=c7fd2582e4b, topicName=会诊)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=39df31305194, createdName=1249859em48(暂无昵称), createdTime=Wed Feb 28 03:52:00 CST 2018, time=2018-02-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=282811, encodeId=82502828114b, content=非常好.谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/10/21/9461f3b3c9f14e1d844256cdd08f2cf3.jpg, createdBy=a30f1426910, createdName=swfzhanggui, createdTime=Sun Jan 28 08:33:16 CST 2018, time=2018-01-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=282766, encodeId=bf94282e66d5, content=外科会诊表的运用., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Sun Jan 28 07:03:43 CST 2018, time=2018-01-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=282363, encodeId=6acb2823636b, content=随着人口老龄化进程加速.住院患者岁数越来越大.高龄老人通常会合并多种疾病.心脏病是肯定少不了的.当外科患者请心内科会诊时.我们总是一脸茫然.此类患者该如何抗栓呢?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7cJ6ejWUr2nIia8qOvAKNdLHr32Df6G8iaoaOx6pHaoiacwp26DaslxZHCGbibZhhCGven4rvmWP60GahtzgFjgCjR/0, createdBy=6b111703011, createdName=有备才能无患, createdTime=Fri Jan 26 23:31:42 CST 2018, time=2018-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-01-28 swfzhanggui

    非常好.谢谢分享

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=289901, encodeId=584128990114, content=学习学习.了解了解, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Feb 22 09:33:00 CST 2018, time=2018-02-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1706699, encodeId=b3f41e066997b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c7fd2582e4b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#会诊#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=25827, encryptionId=c7fd2582e4b, topicName=会诊)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=39df31305194, createdName=1249859em48(暂无昵称), createdTime=Wed Feb 28 03:52:00 CST 2018, time=2018-02-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=282811, encodeId=82502828114b, content=非常好.谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/10/21/9461f3b3c9f14e1d844256cdd08f2cf3.jpg, createdBy=a30f1426910, createdName=swfzhanggui, createdTime=Sun Jan 28 08:33:16 CST 2018, time=2018-01-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=282766, encodeId=bf94282e66d5, content=外科会诊表的运用., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Sun Jan 28 07:03:43 CST 2018, time=2018-01-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=282363, encodeId=6acb2823636b, content=随着人口老龄化进程加速.住院患者岁数越来越大.高龄老人通常会合并多种疾病.心脏病是肯定少不了的.当外科患者请心内科会诊时.我们总是一脸茫然.此类患者该如何抗栓呢?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7cJ6ejWUr2nIia8qOvAKNdLHr32Df6G8iaoaOx6pHaoiacwp26DaslxZHCGbibZhhCGven4rvmWP60GahtzgFjgCjR/0, createdBy=6b111703011, createdName=有备才能无患, createdTime=Fri Jan 26 23:31:42 CST 2018, time=2018-01-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-01-28 jyzxjiangqin

    外科会诊表的运用.

    0

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    2018-01-26 有备才能无患

    随着人口老龄化进程加速.住院患者岁数越来越大.高龄老人通常会合并多种疾病.心脏病是肯定少不了的.当外科患者请心内科会诊时.我们总是一脸茫然.此类患者该如何抗栓呢?

    0

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