Nat Genet:癌细胞的“达尔文进化论”!依靠基因组倍增来不断生长!

2020-03-09 Paris 转化医学网

导语:癌症的发展可以被认为类似于无性进化,全基因组加倍(WGD)在癌症中普遍存在,涉及整个染色体补体的加倍,然而,关于WGD在癌症进化中的选择压力尚未得到充分研究。

导语:癌症的发展可以被认为类似于无性进化,全基因组加倍(WGD)在癌症中普遍存在,涉及整个染色体补体的加倍,然而,关于WGD在癌症进化中的选择压力尚未得到充分研究。

近日,伦敦大学(University College London)TRACERx团队的联合负责人尼基·麦克拉纳汉(Nicky McGranahan)博士领导的研究团队就全基因组加倍与有害进化累积在癌症发展中的相互作用进行了研究,表明WGD可以减轻有害的体细胞变化的不可逆的棘轮积累,这也是癌细胞与正常细胞的关键区别,研发一种专门针对基因组倍增的细胞而又不损害健康细胞的药物,可能是治疗多种癌症类型的新策略。相关文章以“Interplay between whole-genome doubling and the accumulation of deleterious alterations in cancer evolution”为题同步发表在《Nature genetics》杂志上。

所谓全基因倍增是指所有染色体都发生了复制。研究表明,全基因组倍增在某些转移癌中的出现比例高达80%,而在原发性肿瘤中的出现比例只有约30%。全基因组倍增与染色体不稳定有关,可导致肿瘤细胞对多种化疗药物耐药。此外,全基因组倍增还能提供一种缓冲,抵消基因组不稳定对癌细胞适应能力产生的不利影响——这里的基因组不稳定包括破坏性突变和染色体片段丢失。

该研究团队首先以肺癌患者为例进行了研究,几乎每一条染色体都被复制过,所以DNA的数量比正常细胞多得多,但其中原因至今仍是未解之谜,麦克拉纳汉博士表示,如果癌症的基因组翻倍的话,那它的生存优势可能就存在了。癌症的发展是一个进化的过程,达尔文自然选择的原理也是如此,癌症的进化应该拥有一个额外的遗传密码副本,本质上是一个备用基因,可以使癌细胞受益。如果基因组的一个拷贝获得了致命的突变,基因的第二副本便发挥作用,癌细胞就可以继续生存和分裂。

为了验证这一点,研究人员创建了一个计算机模型来重现癌症进化的条件,并确定自然选择在理论上是否有利于整个基因组的倍增。结果真的发生了,研究发现,如果有足够高的有害突变率,进化将有利于基因组倍增,基因组的第二个副本可以通过抵消随着癌细胞分裂而积累的DNA错误的负面影响而使癌细胞受益。

接下来,研究小组从TRACERx研究的参与者那里获取了肺癌样本,对该样本进行进一步分析发现,整个基因组加倍确实允许癌细胞免受更多的DNA错误带来的有害影响,并能够不断存活下来。

该研究强调了物种和生物之间的相似之处,WGD在癌症发展和细胞存活中的作用,确定导致WGD和癌细胞脆弱性的细胞机制,由此事件引发的问题,为限制癌症的进化、适应和疾病进展提供了新策略,有望研发针对基因组倍增细胞的药物来进行癌症的治疗。

原始出处:

Saioa López, Emilia L. Lim, Stuart Horswell, et.al. Interplay between whole-genome doubling and the accumulation of deleterious alterations in cancer evolution, Nature Genetics (2020).

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    2020-10-19 cy0324
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    2020-12-24 canlab
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    2020-12-18 liye789132251
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    2020-03-11 wxl882001

    了解一下

    0

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    2020-03-11 yxch36

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