BMJ:低和超低碳水化合物饮食可缓解糖尿病

2021-05-26 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

在达成共识之前,研究人员应该清楚他们对低碳水化合物和超低碳水化合物饮食以及糖尿病缓解的先验定义,应该知道文献中使用了哪些定义,同时认识到任何敏感性或用于比较不同定义的结果的亚组分析。

23项随机试验(n = 1357)的中度-低确定性的证据表明,在6个月内坚持低或超低碳水化合物饮食可缓解糖尿病,且没有不良后果。但低碳水化合物饮食的定义、碳水化合物限制饮食的长期健康影响以及糖尿病缓解额的定义都存在争议,需要进一步调查,特别是需要基于随机试验的证据的长期健康结果。

低或超低碳水化合物饮食的定义

碳水化合物限制在糖尿病的管理中有着悠久的历史,权威机构最近强调了低碳水化合物饮食的潜在好处和危害。然而,这类饮食的定义可能相差很大,可能使患者和供应方都感到困惑。在过去的几十年里,美国成年人的平均碳水化合物摄入量估计在每日千卡39%到51%之间(随后称为卡路里)。历史上,权威机构推荐的碳水化合物摄入量从每日卡路里的45%到65%不等。因此,碳水化合物摄入量低于每日热量的45%的饮食通常被认为是碳水化合物限制。

低碳水化合物饮食的含义取决于参考来源。例如,2015年提出了一个正式定义,定义一个低碳水化合物饮食, 每日卡路里不到26%来自碳水化合物(<130克/天), 在其文献综述中,2019年美国糖尿病协会关于糖尿病和糖尿病前期营养治疗的共识声明描述了“低碳水化合物饮食模式,即将碳水化合物减少到总热量的26-45%”(2000卡路里饮食的225克/天)。超低碳水化合物饮食的定义也各不相同(例如,阈值从每日热量摄入<10%到<26%)。这种差异是实质性的,因为饮食中碳水化合物的摄入量大大降低(例如,每日热量的10%)已被证明会诱发营养酮症。在这种生理状态下,酮体被产生并作为一种替代能源使用,特别是大脑,这些饮食通常被称为生酮饮食。相反,超低碳水化合物饮食,被定义为摄入碳水化合物<26%的每天卡路里,并不总是诱导生酮。

在对定义达成共识之前,研究人员应该明确定义低碳水化合物和超低碳水化合物饮食的使用。此外,当解释结果时,应该寻找坚持碳水化合物限制的证据,以及坚持如何影响研究结果。

为什么这很重要

超低碳水化合物饮食,特别是那些诱导生酮的饮食,是有争议的。争议主要与传统的5条营养建议有关,这5条建议与高饱和脂肪饮食的不良健康后果有关,饱和脂肪饮食通常发生在限制碳水化合物饮食的人群中。最近对随访6个月和12个月的低碳水化合物饮食的糖尿病患者的随机试验进行了最全面的回顾发现总不良事件或严重不良事件没有统计学意义,未见其临床重要性增加。然而,这类报道很少,而且主要的不良血管事件可能需要更长的时间才能发展。到目前为止,低碳水化合物饮食对糖尿病患者的随机试验仅限于几个持续时间超过12个月的试验,这些研究不超过24个月。平均随访25年的长期观察性研究表明,碳水化合物摄入量高、低两个极端都存在u型关系,表明死亡风险增加,但不能排除混杂因素。

除了潜在的有害健康风险外,植物性饮食的倡导者还提出了对碳水化合物限制饮食的环境和伦理担忧,这些饮食通常含有大量的动物产品。然而,广泛的碳水化合物限制确实可以实现,并个性化,使用素食或纯素饮食,尽管纯素生酮饮食更具挑战性,没有热量限制。

其它考虑因素——定义糖尿病缓解

糖尿病缓解对患者、临床医生和政策制定者来说是一个重要的结果。缓解的定义也各不相同。一般来说,在当代糖尿病缓解的定义中,考虑三个因素:糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)阈值、抗糖尿病药物的使用和缓解时间。尽管2009年一个由糖尿病专家组成的国际机构发表了一篇共识论文,试图将缓解的定义正规化,但这些定义从未被正式采纳。此外,2020年对定义的范围回顾显示,糖尿病缓解的定义仍然存在异质性。例如,最常用的HbA1c阈值为<42 mmol/mol(6.0%)和<48 mmol/mol (6.5%)。就药物治疗使用而言,停止某些有益的治疗,如二甲双胍,可能被视为不合伦理;因此,对于要求停止药物治疗的定义存在一些阻力。至于拟议的缓解期,根据参考来源,可从30天到5年不等。

在糖尿病研究团体就缓解的正式定义达成一致之前,研究人员应该明确地说明他们自己定义的条件。研究人员可能会使用几种定义。例如,Joshua Z Goldenberg研究小组试图通过在报告6个月和12个月结果的试验中使用四个先验定义报告糖尿病缓解的元分析结果来解决这种缺乏共识的问题。

碳水化合物限制饮食用于糖尿病缓解的术语、评价和应用是患者、临床医生和政策制定者根据证据作出决策的中心。在达成共识之前,当碳水化合物限制饮食用于糖尿病管理的有效性和安全性得到评估时,研究人员应该清楚他们对低碳水化合物和超低碳水化合物饮食以及糖尿病缓解的先验定义,应该知道文献中使用了哪些定义,同时认识到任何敏感性或用于比较不同定义的结果的亚组分析。

原文出处

Goldenberg J ZJohnston B CLow and very low carbohydrate diets for diabetes remission BMJ 2021; 373 :n262 doi:10.1136/bmj.n262

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    2022-02-21 gaoxiaoe
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    2021-06-23 146e09a9m59暂无昵称

    学习了

    0

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    2021-05-28 yuanming9
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    2021-05-26 misszhang

    谢谢MedSci提供最新的资讯

    0

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    2021-05-26 莉莉安 Lillian C.

    有道理,学习~

    0

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    2021-05-26 慧风和畅

    6666

    0

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