Lancet:临床证据暂不支持用激素治疗新冠病毒导致的肺损伤

2020-02-09 Siyu 医咖会

2020年2月6日,Lancet发表了来自英国爱丁堡大学感染研究中心Clark D Russell等三人的评论性文章:Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-nCoV lung injury(临床证据暂不支持用激素治疗2019新型冠状病毒导致的肺损伤)。让我们来看看这篇文章中给出了怎样的证据吧。2

2020年2月6日,Lancet发表了来自英国爱丁堡大学感染研究中心Clark D Russell等三人的评论性文章:Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-nCoV lung injury(临床证据暂不支持用激素治疗2019新型冠状病毒导致的肺损伤)。让我们来看看这篇文章中给出了怎样的证据吧。

2019新型冠状病毒(2019-nCoV)的爆发对于临床医生来说是一场重大挑战。临床治疗方案仍然没有完全确定,关于疾病病原体的描述数据仍有限,药物治疗的疗效仍待证明。

糖皮质激素曾被广泛应用于SARS和中东呼吸综合征(MERS)的治疗,现在也联合其他药物被用于治疗2019-nCoV感染的患者。然而,WHO在《疑为2019-nCoV导致的严重急性呼吸道感染的治疗方案的暂时性指南》中(2020年1月28日发布),不推荐使用糖皮质激素,除非有其他需要使用激素的指征。

(链接:https://www.who.int/publications-detail/clinical-management-of-severe-acute-respiratory-infection-when-novel-coronavirus-(ncov)-infection-is-suspected)

了解使用激素治疗2019-nCoV的益处和危害至关重要。本文将着重讨论在冠状病毒感染和类似疫情爆发时应用激素的临床结局(下表)。

表. 迄今为止的临床证据总结



急性肺损伤和急性呼吸窘迫综合征有部分是因为免疫应答引起的。激素可以抑制肺部炎症反应,但同时也会抑制免疫应答和病原体清除。如流感一样,在SARS冠状病毒感染时,系统性炎症与不良结局具有相关性。在SARS病例中,病毒清除后炎症反应仍然存在。SARS和MERS患者的肺部组织活检提示有炎症和弥散性肺泡损伤,另有一个报告提示有吞噬血细胞现象。

一项纳入309例MERS危重症成人患者的回顾性观察性研究[1]表明,几乎有一半的患者(151,占比49%)被给予了激素治疗(中位剂量相当于氢化可的松300mg/d)。被给予激素治疗的患者更可能需要机械通气、血管加压药、肾脏替代疗法。

校正非死亡时间偏倚和指征偏倚后,研究指出,使用激素和患者90天内死亡率无相关性(校正后OR为0.8,95%CI 0.5-1.1,P=0.12),但使用激素和呼吸道分泌物中病毒RNA的延迟清除率存在相关性(校正后HR为0.4,95%CI 0.2-1.7,P=0.0005)。不过,由于可能存在未测量的混杂因素,这些效应估计可能有较高的错误风险。

一项针对SARS患者使用激素的meta分析[2]中,仅有4项研究给出了确切的数据,均表示激素有害。第一项研究是一个病例对照研究,纳入两组SARS患者:15位有SARS相关精神症状,30位无SARS相关精神症状。两组均给予激素治疗,比起无精神症状的患者,有精神症状的患者接受了更高累积剂量的激素(分别为:相当于10975mg与6780mg氢化可的松的剂量;P=0.017)。

第二项研究是随机对照研究,纳入了16位症状较轻的SARS患者,9位患者给予氢化可的松(从发热起,用药时间平均为4.8天,95% CI 4.1-5.5),相比给予0.9%生理盐水的对照组患者,这些接受激素的患者在感染发生后的第二和第三周时有更高几率的病毒血症。另外两项研究报道了与激素治疗相关的并发症:糖尿病和非血管性坏死。

一项2019年发布的系统综述和meta分析,纳入了10项针对流感患者的观察性研究,总共包括6548位患者。研究发现接受激素治疗的患者有较高的死亡率(RR 1.75, 95% CI 1.3-2.4, P=0.0002)。其他治疗结局中,接受激素治疗的患者在ICU的治疗时间更长(平均差异 2.1天, 95% CI 1.2–3.1, P<0.0001),同时继发性细菌和真菌感染的风险也增加(RR 2.0, 95% CI 1.0–3.8, P=0.04)。

也有研究激素治疗儿童呼吸合胞病毒感染(RSV)的临床试验,但是关于激素的益处没有确切的结论,所以也没有相应的推荐产生。在一项包含50位呼吸合胞病毒感染成人的观察性研究中,33位患者(占比66%)被给予激素治疗,被给予激素的患者在28天后显示抗体反应受损。

2019-nCoV感染后,危及生命的急性呼吸窘迫综合征也有可能会发生。然而,直接将急性呼吸窘迫综合征研究的证据外推到病毒性肺损伤还是有问题的,因为这些试验中纳入的大部分急性呼吸窘迫综合征的患者与2019新冠患者的情况有所不同。有一篇关于任何原因导致的急性呼吸窘迫综合征的治疗的综述,基于6项研究、574位患者的数据,给出结论表示,目前没有充足的证据推荐激素治疗。

柳叶刀在2020年1月29日发表的140位2019-nCoV感染患者的文章中,报道有7位(5%)患者有感染性休克。

尽管激素的效用仍不明确,但激素在感染性休克中有广泛应用。大多数感染性休克的患者有细菌感染,会导致血管麻痹性休克与心肌功能不全。在这样的患者中,危重休克时接受激素治疗可能有净收益。

然而,严重低氧性呼吸衰竭患者的休克,通常是胸内压升高(侵入性机械通气期间)阻碍了心脏灌注的结果,而非血管麻痹性休克。在这样的背景下,激素治疗就不太可能有益处。

目前没有临床数据支持,呼吸合胞病毒、流感、SARS、MERS导致的呼吸道感染中,激素治疗产生了净效益。目前已有的观察性研究显示,流感患者接受激素治疗后死亡率和继发感染率增加,SARS和MERS患者接受激素治疗后清除病毒的功能会受损,幸存者会伴有激素治疗相关的并发症。激素对于感染性休克患者的益处如果存在,也是很小的,而且这个益处也不太可能外推至2019-nCoV导致的严重呼吸衰竭相关的休克。

总结来说,没有明确的证据支持2019-nCoV感染患者会受益于激素治疗,而且更可能面临激素治疗带来的风险。本文认为,在非临床试验的情况下,激素不应该用于治疗2019-nCoV导致的肺损伤或休克。

原文链接:

https://www.thelancet.com/lancet/article/corticosteroid-treatment

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    2020-02-22 howi
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    2020-02-11 tastas
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    2020-02-10 公卫新人

    新冠肺炎,疫情何时才能消失

    0

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