不典型恶性骨巨细胞瘤一例

2018-12-26 王艳艳 海南医学

骨巨细胞瘤(GCTB)是一种由单核细胞及类破骨细胞多核细胞组成的原发性交界性骨肿瘤,绝大部分为良性,部分生长活跃,少数病变具有潜在恶性。恶性骨巨细胞瘤临床十分罕见,缺乏特异性,多数影像科医师对其认识不足,术前很难明确诊断,常误诊为其他恶性骨肿瘤。现对我院经病理诊断的一例右侧肱骨恶性骨巨细胞瘤伴病理性骨折进行回顾性分析,并对国内外相关文献进行复习,旨在提高对该病的影像表现的认识及诊断能力。

骨巨细胞瘤(GCTB)是一种由单核细胞及类破骨细胞多核细胞组成的原发性交界性骨肿瘤,绝大部分为良性,部分生长活跃,少数病变具有潜在恶性。恶性骨巨细胞瘤临床十分罕见,缺乏特异性,多数影像科医师对其认识不足,术前很难明确诊断,常误诊为其他恶性骨肿瘤。现对我院经病理诊断的一例右侧肱骨恶性骨巨细胞瘤伴病理性骨折进行回顾性分析,并对国内外相关文献进行复习,旨在提高对该病的影像表现的认识及诊断能力。

病例简介

患者,女,64岁。因“右上臂疼痛2个月,加重伴活动受限4d”于2017年10月3日入院。现病史:患者于2月前无明显诱因出现右上臂疼痛,活动后明显,休息后减轻,未做特殊诊治,于4d前劳作后疼痛加重,活动受限,到当地诊所行“膏药外敷、封闭”等治疗无缓解,前1d到我院门诊行X片检查示:右肱骨中上段肿瘤性病变并病理性骨折。入院主要体格检查:右上臂广泛压痛,叩击痛+,右肩、右肘关节屈伸活动受限,右腕及手指屈伸活动可,右上肢皮肤感觉及血运正常。实验室检查女性肿瘤标志物全套阴性。

X线检查:右肱骨中上段可见不规则片状低密度影及结节状高密度影,中段骨质破坏,骨皮质翘起,似柯德曼三角改变,并见骨膜反应,邻近软组织稍肿胀,肩关节间隙尚可(图1);CT检查:骨窗示右侧肱骨内密度不均,呈溶骨性骨质破坏,见片状高、低密度影,局部骨皮质断裂,周围软组织肿胀(图2);MRI检查:右侧肱骨骨质内见骨质破坏区,呈长T1、长T2信号,大小13.8CM×2.0CM,边界不清,肱骨中上段骨折,周围可见软组织肿块形成,肱三头肌内见斑片状长T1、长T2信号(图3~图6)。初步诊断:考虑右肱骨中上段肿瘤性病变并病理性骨折。





手术所见:右肱骨上段骨折,断端内侧骨质破坏,断端周围肌肉内及髓腔内可见大量“胶冻样”组织,切除肌肉软组织及骨内的“胶冻样”组织并送病检。病理检查:光镜下见肿瘤组织由大量多核的破骨细胞样巨细胞和单核间质细胞构成,细胞异型性明显,核分裂像多见。免疫组化:Vimentin,AAT弥漫强阳性,Lysozyme少数瘤细胞阳性,P53<2%(+),ki-67约25%(+),MAC387(-),Desmin(-),S-100(-),PLAP(-),病理诊断:右侧肱骨恶性骨巨细胞瘤(图7)。

讨论

骨巨细胞瘤是一种具有丰富的血管组织并含有单核基质细胞和很多破骨细胞样的多核细胞的骨肿瘤,该肿瘤局部侵袭性强且容易复发,好发于长管状骨干骺端,以股骨下端和胫骨上端最常见,也常见于桡骨远端、骶骨和肱骨近端,病变以单发为主。发病年龄多见于青壮年,主要分布为20~40岁。骨巨细胞瘤大部分具备良性病灶的特点,仅有少数生物学上表现出侵袭性恶性病灶的特征,恶性骨巨细胞瘤文献报道甚少,本例病灶病检为恶性,实属罕见。该病主要临床表现为患处疼痛与局部肿胀,且疼痛有活动后加重,邻近关节活动受限,仅极少数患者以病理骨折为首发症状,骨质膨胀变薄时,触诊有捏乒乓球感。本例患者因“右上臂疼痛2个月”期间,仅对症支持治疗,未完善相关检查,病情逐渐加重,最终导致病理性骨折后出现活动受限而入院。

恶性骨巨细胞瘤在国内外文献以临床报道及影像个案报道为主,影像学诊断文献报道甚少,随着多排螺旋CT(MDCT)及MRI的广泛应用及普及,薄层扫描、多平面重组(MPR)、多序列扫描等技术能从不同角度可以更加立体、直观、准确的显示恶性骨巨细胞瘤的部位、性质、大小、形态、密度、信号特点、动态增强特征及毗邻结构关系等内容,做到观察的连续性和完整性,大大提高恶性骨巨细胞瘤术前诊断准确率,对恶性骨巨细胞瘤是一种可靠、准确、必不可少的检查方法。

综合文献分析及本病例特点,典型的骨巨细胞瘤主要有以下影像学表现:X线和CT主要表现为病灶多呈偏心性膨胀性多房性溶骨性的骨质破坏,多呈“皂泡样”改变,骨壳完整或残缺,多无钙化,可伴有不规则硬化缘及周围软组织肿块,病灶极少合并病理性骨折,增强扫描肿瘤组织多呈中度以上强化。MRI扫描T1WI多表现为不均匀低或等信号,T2WI多表现为等或高混杂信号,增强扫描中肿瘤实体多呈中度到明显强化。本例恶性骨巨细胞瘤发生在肱骨中上段,临床上报道甚少,同时合并病理性骨折,其影像学表现完全不具备典型骨巨细胞瘤的影像特征,掩盖了其典型影像特征,以往文献报道的病例中并未见此种表现,以致影像科医生无法精确明确诊断。恶性骨巨细胞瘤由于临床少见、文献报道甚少,术前容易误诊,在鉴别诊断中应与动脉瘤样骨囊肿、软骨母细胞瘤、骨囊肿、溶骨型骨肉瘤等疾病鉴别。

综上所述,肱骨恶性骨巨细胞瘤非常少见,同时合并病理性骨折更实属罕见,临床表现无特异性,影像科医生一定要摆脱局限性临床思维,仔细分析影像特征对其进行正确诊断,必要时可借助病理学检查及免疫组织化学检查协助诊断,从而正确、有效地为临床医生决定后续临床治疗方案,以避免误诊、误治。

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    2019-05-07 yaanren
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    2018-12-28 wwzzly
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    2018-12-26 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

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