急性冠状动脉综合征患者发生院内心搏骤停前8小时生命体征变化

2018-08-30 李红、吴婷婷等 中华护理杂志社

急性冠脉综合征是以冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块破裂或侵袭,继发完全或不完全闭塞性血栓形成为病理基础的一组临床综合征,包括急性ST段抬高性心肌梗死、急性非ST段抬高性心肌梗死和不稳定型心绞痛。

急性冠脉综合征是以冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块破裂或侵袭,继发完全或不完全闭塞性血栓形成为病理基础的一组临床综合征,包括急性ST段抬高性心肌梗死、急性非ST段抬高性心肌梗死和不稳定型心绞痛。

急性冠脉综合征患者常常表现为发作性胸痛、胸闷等症状,该病是导致心搏骤停乃至心源性猝死的最常见原因。急性冠脉综合征患者(尤其是急性期的患者)是心搏骤停的高危人群。

院内心搏骤停并不是突然发生和不可预测的,2015年美国心肺复苏指南推荐使用由生命体征组成的改良早期预警评分作为心搏骤停早期预警的评估工具。

研究显示,84%的患者心搏骤停前8 h会出现生命体征异常变化的症状,前期研究分析了心搏骤停发生前24 h早期预警评分系统的变化情况,发现心搏骤停发生前8 h是最佳的敏感时间点,能较早地预测到心搏骤停的发生。

不同生命体体征的变化对预测不同疾病发生心搏骤停的敏感度不同,目前采用生命体征来预测急性冠脉综合征患者发生心搏骤停的研究鲜见报告。

吴婷婷等采取病例对照研究的方法,选取福建省3所三级甲等医院的164名发生过心搏骤停的急性冠脉综合征患者作为观察组,随机选取住院期间的521名未发生心搏骤停的急性冠脉综合征患者作为对照组。收集患者的一般资料并分析急性冠脉综合征患者心搏骤停前8 h的生命体征,应用ROC曲线计算各项生命体征的预测效能。

观察组与对照组一般资料的分析比较,年龄和糖尿病在观察组与对照组之间的差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),即年龄、合并糖尿病是心搏骤停发生的影响因素。生命体征影响心搏骤停的单因素及多因素回归分析,除体温、舒张压与收缩压外,其他各项生命体征的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),即脉搏、休克指数、呼吸是急性冠脉综合征患者心搏骤停的独立危险因素。

心搏骤停(CA)发生前8h生命体征对心搏骤停的预测效能,脉搏与休克指数对心搏骤停的预测效能最高。脉搏是反映心脏功能的重要指标,脉搏常作为病情评估工具的一项重要指标。有研究显示,在心搏骤停发生前48 h脉搏开始波动变化,在心搏骤停发生前4 h脉搏呈急剧下降,2 h时的变化更显着。本研究结果显示,当脉搏<60次/min,其对心搏骤停的预测具有高灵敏度和低特异度的特点, 当脉搏>100次/min时其特点是低灵敏度和高特异度,而对心搏骤停的预警,提高灵敏度比提高特异度更有意义,所以在临床护理工作中,观察脉搏的低值比高值更能鉴别出心搏骤停高危的患者。呼吸对心搏骤停的预测效能中等,虽然呼吸对预测心搏骤停具有一定的价值,但目前对呼吸频率的评估尚存在一定的问题,在临床护理工作中,对呼吸的评估应充分考虑到其是否受心理因素、外界环境及辅助通气的影响,以确保所得数据能真正反映患者的病情状态。体温与血压对心搏骤停的预测效能较低。

本研究虽然得出血压这一单项指标对心搏骤停的预测效能较差,但当收缩压与脉搏组合成休克指数, 则能大大提高其预测效能,应重视生命体征之间的联系,将血压与脉搏组合成复合指标来识别高危的患者。

由此看来,急性冠脉综合征患者在心搏骤停前至少8h就会出现生命体征的预警,临床护理人员在定时评估患者时尤其应关注脉搏、呼吸与休克指数的变化。

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