血肌酐并不高的他,其实已是中度肾衰竭......

2019-11-15 李青 李青大夫科普

这是一位老年患者,粗略一看他的检查结果,你可能想不到,他已经是中度肾衰竭了。

01
真实病例

这是一位老年患者,粗略一看他的检查结果,你可能想不到,他已经是中度肾衰竭了。

这位老人69岁,高血压许多年,一直用药治疗,但并没有将血压控制正常。近两年出现夜尿增多,一晚上起夜3次。

检查曾发现血肌酐轻度升高,后复查又恢复正常,查肾脏彩超示双肾皮质回声增强,双肾动脉轻度硬化,见下图:



家人不放心,于是看我的门诊。

我给他做肾功能显像检查,发现肾小球滤过率(GFR)42.85ml/min,而且左肾为26.17ml/min,右肾为16.69ml/min,见下图:


患者检查报告

根据肾小球滤过率,专业上对慢性肾脏病(CKD)进行分期:

CKD1期:GFR>90ml/min(肾功能正常)
CKD2期:GFR 60-89ml/min
CKD3a期:GFR 45-59ml/min
CKD3b期:GFR 30-44ml/min
CKD4期:GFR 15-29ml/min
CKD5期:GFR <15ml/min (或已经透析者)

他的肾小球滤过率为42.85ml/min,属于3b期,通俗的说,已经中度肾衰了。中度肾衰了血肌酐为什么不高?怎么没有症状?是什么原因导致他肾衰的发生?如何治疗呢?
 ad1495b4cb85591a77e6e68331a6dde1.jpg

02
血肌酐

我先从血肌酐说起。血肌酐是肌肉等蛋白质的代谢废物,通过肾脏排出体外。专业上用血肌酐含量来判断肾功能,血肌酐升高就意味着肾功能下降。

人体的代谢废物那么多,为什么用血肌酐值来判断肾功能呢?

人体每天代谢产生的血肌酐量是相对固定的,而其排泄途径也是单一通过肾脏。如果肾功能正常的话,即使饮食不注意,产生的较多,肾脏也会及时排泄掉。一般来说,只有肾功能出现问题,血肌酐才会升高。

但这位老人却“不按套路出牌”,肾功能下降了,血肌酐却没有升高。

其实,这种情况在老年人中很常见。

03
老年患者

老年人食量减少,代谢减慢,肌肉萎缩,每天血肌酐产生的量明显减少。即使肾功能减退、肾脏排泄肌酐的能力下降了,血肌酐也不会太高。

所以,千万不要认为老年人血肌酐正常,肾功能也是正常的。如果老年人血肌酐明显升高了,说明肾功能已经很差了。

那老年人如何判断肾功能呢?

专业上,根据血肌酐值并结合患者的年龄、体重等计算肾小球滤过率,称估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR)。肾小球滤过率是判定肾功能比较准确的指标,无论年轻人还是老人都适用。当然,更准确的指标就是我给这位老人做的ECT,也就是肾功能显像。

ECT测得的肾小球滤过率是判定肾功能的金标准。此外,ECT还能测量分肾功能——两个肾脏功能分开测。

一般来说,绝大部分肾脏病导致的肾功能下降,两个肾脏是一致性下降,不会一个轻、一个重。

但这位老人的右肾功能更差,结合病史及肾脏彩超结果分析,考虑该老人是高血压性肾病,双肾动脉粥样硬化狭窄,右肾动脉狭窄更严重。

也就是说,他右肾萎缩、肾功能下降的原因,除了长期高血压之外,更主要的原因是右肾动脉粥样硬化狭窄,右肾缺血萎缩。当然,动脉粥样硬化的发生,高血压也是主因。

04
动脉粥样硬化

据统计,大约80%~85%患者肾动脉粥样硬化是全身动脉粥样硬化引起的,往往同时伴有冠心病、脑血管病、下肢动脉狭窄病变。

有一项研究发现,在346例冠心病患者中,有28%合并有肾动脉狭窄。在美国,由肾动脉硬化狭窄造成的尿毒症年增长率是最高的,为12.4%,已超过糖尿病的8.3%。

但是,和冠心病、脑血管病等动脉粥样硬化不一样的是,肾动脉狭窄后往往没有疼痛等症状,患者一般感知不到;或者出现了症状也不典型,常被患者忽略。

比如说,肾动脉狭窄以后会出现肾血管性高血压,血压非常高,而且难以控制。但这类患者往往之前就有高血压,大部分患者想不到肾脏出现了问题。

还有,肾脏缺血后,肾小管功能减退,尿的浓缩能力下降,主要表现为夜尿增多。这位老人也出现了夜尿增多,但是被他忽略了。

肾动脉粥样硬化狭窄的主要治疗措施是严格控制血压和血脂,狭窄到一定程度也可以放置动脉支架。但据统计,放置支架后对肾功能的保护作用和药物相比并没有多大的优势,不过对血压控制有帮助。如果肾功能下降明显,比如说肾脏萎缩小于8cm等,即使血管再通肾功能也无法恢复,放置支架也就没有意义了。

总之,低盐低脂优质低蛋白饮食,药物控制血压和他汀类降脂药降血脂仍是目前的主要治疗措施。

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    2020-02-14 1de33e15m69(暂无匿称)

    隐匿性肾炎推荐西双版纳肾茶袋泡茶,冲泡比不上煎煮,39一盒15袋,淘宝天猫能搜到

    0

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    2019-11-17 俅侠
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    2019-11-17 ying_wu
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    2019-11-15 14794e5bm67(暂无昵称)

    非常精彩,受益非浅

    0

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导致血肌酐升高的原因,你了解多少?

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临床上有没有尿检正常而血肌酐升高的情况?

我前几天在医院体检,尿检查出隐血+-,红细胞1.3,尿蛋白阴性,医生说不要紧,问题不大,没让做肾功能检查。我想问下像我上面这种情况需要进一步做肾功吗?临床上有没有尿检基本正常肾功能却不正常的的情况?比如说尿检基本正常,肾功却肌酐高?

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又一例高血压引起的肾衰竭,血压不控制,迟早要还的

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