Mol Cell:华人科学家首次发现二甲双胍可降解PD-L1,解除癌细胞对免疫细胞的压制,提高抗癌能力

2018-08-18 奇点糕 奇点网

本周《分子细胞》杂志上刊登了MD Anderson癌症中心华人学者洪明奇(Mien-Chie Hung)团队的最新研究成果,二甲双胍竟然能够导致癌细胞表达的PD-L1降解,避免它们“逃脱”免疫系统的“搜查”!

二甲双胍,神药之名绝不虚传。

除了在糖尿病治疗领域无可撼动的地位,二甲双胍近年来也被接连发现抗癌活性。我们也曾为大家介绍过,为什么二型糖尿病患者易患癌,而二甲双胍又能抗癌。

不过真没想到神药能神到这个地步——本周《分子细胞》杂志上刊登了MD Anderson癌症中心华人学者洪明奇(Mien-Chie Hung)团队的最新研究成果,二甲双胍竟然能够导致癌细胞表达的PD-L1降解,避免它们“逃脱”免疫系统的“搜查”!

研究者们在人类癌症患者中观察到了对应的现象,在多种癌症小鼠模型中也确认了很好的治疗效果!除此以外,将二甲双胍与CTLA-4抑制剂联用,也得到了更好的抗癌效果,说明二甲双胍或许可以作为辅助用药增强PD-1/PD-L1之外免疫治疗的效果!


通讯作者洪明奇,MD Anderson癌症中心副院长

二甲双胍到底怎么抗癌?

科学家们目前已经发现了一些比较笼统的机制,比如二甲双胍作用的一个主要靶点,AMPK,一种激酶,激活它可以抑制mTORC1信号转导,促进癌细胞凋亡。2015年,又有科学家发现,在肿瘤组织中,二甲双胍可以维持细胞毒性T细胞(CTL)的活性,这意味着二甲双胍的抗癌作用,可能与免疫系统也有关系。

那么就来验证一下吧!研究者们分别在普通小鼠和具有严重免疫缺陷的小鼠中测试了二甲双胍的抗癌效果,果不其然,免疫缺陷小鼠对二甲双胍无动于衷,正常小鼠体内的肿瘤倒是小了不少,可见二甲双胍的抗癌作用也和免疫系统有关。

免疫系统杀伤癌细胞主要靠的是CD8+T细胞和它分泌的颗粒酶B,于是研究者又检测了T细胞的数量和颗粒酶B的水平,只见两组小鼠之间天差地别,正常小鼠体内CD8+T细胞的数量和颗粒酶B水平分别达到缺陷小鼠的2.2倍和3.45倍!


有了二甲双胍,CD8+T细胞数量和活性都大涨

那二甲双胍是怎么影响到T细胞的呢?会不会又和它的主要靶点AMPK有关系?

别说,还真是这样。

原来PD-L1的成长过程也挺难,它从基因转录翻译成蛋白,首先要在内质网(ER)经过一系列的糖基化修饰。糖基化是十分重要的,连接上的多糖分子能够帮助蛋白质折叠成正确的三维结构、协助蛋白质的胞内转运、还参与某些免疫原蛋白的功能。经过这个过程,它才能变成一个功能齐全的PD-L1,并且搭着细胞内的转运网络输送到细胞的表面。


正常PD-L1的糖基化与转运

当二甲双胍掺和进来以后,它首先激活AMPK,AMPK则会令PD-L1蛋白195号位上的丝氨酸(S195)磷酸化。多了磷酸基团的PD-L1顿时变得有些陌生,多糖分子们有点错乱,整个糖基化过程一言难尽。

自然,糖基化跑偏了的PD-L1功能不全、也不被转运网络承认,它们没法继续往下一站高尔基体进发,只能像难民一样滞留在内质网。

内质网又不是避难所,事实上它还负责回收一些被错误折叠或者没有组装完整的蛋白质,所以这些难民PD-L1很快就被降解了。

哈哈,原来PD-L1还没来得急穿好衣服出门,就被二甲双胍堵在门口解决掉了!


被磷酸化了的PD-L1很难出门了

其实这个新机制,在以前的研究中也能够窥得一斑。

研究者分析了另一项临床研究的数据,在17名接受二甲双胍治疗的乳腺癌患者中,有7名体内AMPK活性升高,其中6名PD-L1水平有所下降;另外10人则没有表现出AMPK与PD-L1的关系。

研究者也在小鼠中验证了这个通路。在PD-L1经过修饰、不能被磷酸化的小鼠中,二甲双胍的抗癌作用收效甚微,可见磷酸化就是关键。


因为丝氨酸在小鼠PD-L1中是194号位,所以不能被磷酸化的小鼠PD-L1就是S194A了

虽然在这项研究中,只有PD-L1受到了二甲双胍的制裁,不过还有许多其他的免疫检查点蛋白,例如CTLA-4,它们作用通路也各有不同。近年来,有科学家提出同时拮抗这两种通路,应该能够提高免疫治疗的效果。

于是研究者尝试在小鼠中同时使用二甲双胍和CTLA-4抑制剂进行治疗。在乳腺癌、黑色素瘤、结肠癌三种癌症中,这种联合疗法都取得了更好的治疗效果。另外,在早期的实验中二甲双胍也能够降低非小细胞肺癌、结肠癌中的PD-L1水平。

肿瘤负担下降、生存率上升、CTL活性上升,同时小鼠体重正常、也没有可检测的肝肾损伤,可见联合疗法只增疗效不增副作用啊!


写到这里突然有点词穷,神药二甲双胍,也是没法再夸了。

从前面的实验结果可以看出,就算阻断PD-L1的磷酸化,二甲双胍还是有那么一丢的抗癌作用,可见这也不是它唯一的通路。在另一项临床研究中,同时患有乳腺癌和糖尿病的患者,服用二甲双胍的那些化疗后完全缓解率也更高(24% vs 8%)。

可见二甲双胍还有很多未知等我们探索,它离走下神坛的日子,应该还远着呢!

原始出处:Jong-Ho Cha, Wen-Hao Yang, Weiya Xia, et al, Metformin Promotes Antitumor Immunity via Endoplasmic-Reticulum-Associated Degradation of PD-L1. Molecular Cell. AUGUST 16, 2018

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    2019-07-05 仁心济世
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    2019-02-07 维他命
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    2018-08-20 yxch36
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    2018-08-20 smartjoy
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    2018-08-19 kafei

    学习了谢谢分享

    0

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