重症丘脑出血破入脑室1例

2018-10-22 詹燕 荀雅晶 王珊珊 神经损伤与功能重建

色素性神经鞘瘤(MS)起源于Schwann细胞,是一种起源于神经嵴且具有双向分化潜能的原始细胞肿瘤,以颈段和上胸段脊神经最为常见,因其可以产生黑色素故而在临床上容易误诊为恶性黑色素瘤。我科收治1例病理确诊的颈椎髓外硬膜下色素性神经鞘瘤病例,报告如下。

患者,男,53岁,于2015年4月10日上午8时许无诱因突发头痛伴恶心呕吐,继之意识丧失,行头CT检查后立即以“右侧丘脑出血破入脑室,梗阻性脑积水”收入我院神经外科。
 
既往有高血压病史;2014年4月右侧基底核脑出血(出血量约20 mL)。人院查体:中度昏迷,格拉斯哥昏迷量表(Glasgowcoma scale,GCS)评分5分;瞳孔直径右3 nun,左2.5 mm,光反射消失,双侧视乳头水肿;颈强3指;疼痛刺激后肢体出现屈曲反应,左侧较右侧弱;肌张力尚可;左侧巴氏征(+)。
 
入院后完善相关检查(肝肾功能、凝血功能等生化指标基本正常)后即予气管插管,全麻下双额钻孔侧脑室外引流术,尿激酶冲洗脑室促进血肿引流。术后给予抗炎、脱水、止血、补液等对症支持治疗。
 
4月13日晨6:40患者突发血压下降至无法测出,心率120次/分,自主呼吸不能维持,血氧饱合度下降。立即给予多巴胺升压、通畅呼吸道,并予呼吸机辅助呼吸。病情危重,家属放弃治疗。回家后自行静脉输液治疗(甘露醇125 mL,Q8h;醒脑静、泮托拉唑等,静脉输液量1000 mI/d),患者生命体征渐趋平稳,遂联系至我科住院治疗。次日复查头CT提示脑室内积血较多,引流效果欠佳。
 
随即CT定位后局麻下行侧脑室右枕极穿刺引流术,术中引流出暗红色血液约15 n1L。术后发热、痰多,加强翻身拍背叩痰及抗感染治疗。4月18日拔除右额极引流管,保留左额极引流管及右枕极穿刺针。4月19日脑脊液生化:乳酸脱氢酶614U/L↑,氯120.5 mmol/L↓,微量蛋白3.72 g/L↑,溶血指数+++;脑脊液细胞学:白细胞2570/mm3,中性粒细胞90%,淋巴细胞9%,红细胞290000/mm3;蛋白(+),脑脊液培养阴性。
 
考虑为引流管置管时间较长,继发颅内感染,予万古霉素脑室冲洗并静脉抗感染治疗。4月22日拔除枕极穿刺针及左额极引流管。4月28日复查腰穿,脑脊液压力200 mmH2O,脑脊液生化:乳酸脱氢酶161 U/L,氯116.6 mmol/L↓,葡萄糖3.18mmol/L,微量蛋白1.10g/L↑,未检出抗酸杆菌及新型隐球菌;脑脊液细胞学白细胞24/mm3,淋巴细胞90%,中性粒细胞9%,红细胞2/mm3。住院期间加强床旁康复维持关节活动度、预防废用性肌萎缩、下肢深静脉血栓形成、减轻肺部感染等,并积极予醒脑开窍针法、高压氧及促醒药物等康复促醒治疗。患者咳痰无力,合并坠积性肺炎。气管插管超过1周后,未予气管切开,而选择加强站立床训练、体位排痰、电振动排痰等康复治疗配合抗感染治疗,于4月18日成功拔除气管插管。随后加强体训及康复训练,患者于5月7日神志完全转清,继续住院半月后出院。
 
出院时情况:神清,反应迟钝,主动性语言较少,可遵嘱执行简单指令性动作,偶有饮水呛咳;颈强2指,克氏征(+);左上肢肌力2级,左下肢肌力3级,右侧肢体肌力3级,双侧巴氏征(+);坐位平衡稍差;日常生活活动能力(activities of daily living,ADL)评分30分;简易智能精神状态检查量表(mini-mental state examination,MMSE)评分不配合。出院后继续予家庭康复指导,2月后随访,患者可独立行走及进食,简单日常交流尚可,但反应仍较迟钝,记忆力较差,ADL评分90分,MMSE评分21分。
 
图1  患病头颅CT检测结果。(A1一A2)侧脑室引流术后第3天(4月12日)颅脑CT示脑窜铸型,脑室内积血引流较差;(B1一B2)右枕极穿刺引流术后第3日(4月16日)复查颅脑CT,侧脑室内积血较前减少,尚保留双额极引流管;(C1一C2)右枕极穿刺引流术后第7日(4月20日)复查颅脑CT提示侧脑室内积血大部分清除,右额极引流管已拔除;(D1一D2)治疗1月后复查颅脑CT示侧脑室略有扩大,积血吸收完全。

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    2018-11-12 nymo
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    2018-10-24 xlwang2696
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    2018-10-24 xlwang2696
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    2018-10-24 tastas

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很久以来,右心在心功能的评价中总是被一带而过。传统上认为右心室只是一个微不足道的管道,其变化对整体的血流动力学影响是微弱的。其实,右心既要维持充足的肺灌注压使得低氧的静脉血进入呼吸膜进行氧合,还要保持低的全身静脉压以预防器官充血。当右心功能不全时,不仅不能很好地使静脉血氧合,而且不能把充足的血容量输送到左心,对于左心这个“巧妇”则处于“难为无米之炊”的窘境,同样会导致全身血流动力学的不稳定、器官低

Crit Care Med:重症监护,药师主导干预对患者结局和成本的影响

2018年2月,发表在《Crit Care Med》的一项由法国和澳大利亚科学家进行的研究,考察了重症监护药师实施的多种质量提升“捆绑”措施对患者结局和成本的影响。

重症系统性红斑狼疮合并纯红细胞再生障碍性贫血1例

患者男性,新兵战士,19岁,2015年6月3日始无明显诱因出现乏力、间断流鼻血,当时无明显发热,无尿频、尿急、尿痛及肉眼血尿,未予重视

OCC2018:柳志红:重症肺动脉高压的识别和救治

编者按:动脉性肺动脉高压(pulmonary arterial hypertension,PAH)是常见的临床病理生理综合征,进展快,预后差,及时识别和救治极为重要。OCC 2018大会上,国家心血管病中心、中国医学科学院阜外医院柳志红教授发表相关精彩报告,使参会者加深了对PAH的认识。

一般剂量药物无效 重症哮喘特殊临床类型一例

哮喘持续状态(Status asthmatics)或称哮喘严重发作系指哮喘急性严重发作,经合理应用一般剂量的β2受体激动剂和氨茶碱不见缓解,病情进行性加重者。本病属于重症哮喘的一种特殊临床类型,由于严重的支气管痉挛,过度的粘液分泌和气道炎症、水肿可致明显的通气功能障碍,如不及时治疗可发展至呼吸衰竭甚至死亡,是临床急症之一。