JTO:低剂量CT在非吸烟者肺癌筛查中的意义

2018-11-18 肿瘤资讯编辑部 肿瘤资讯

NLST研究和NELSON研究的阳性结果,支持采用低剂量CT对吸烟者进行筛查,未来的研究应该考虑在非吸烟者进行低剂量CT筛查。近年来,非吸烟腺癌患者逐年增长,那么低剂量CT筛查在非吸烟人群中的意义如何?近日发布在JTO杂志的一项研究回顾性分析了低剂量CT在非吸烟者肺癌筛查中的意义。

NLST研究和NELSON研究的阳性结果,支持采用低剂量CT对吸烟者进行筛查,未来的研究应该考虑在非吸烟者进行低剂量CT筛查。近年来,非吸烟腺癌患者逐年增长,那么低剂量CT筛查在非吸烟人群中的意义如何?近日发布在JTO杂志的一项研究回顾性分析了低剂量CT在非吸烟者肺癌筛查中的意义。

背景

肺癌是全球致死率最高的肿瘤。近年来,非吸烟者肺癌发病率逐年升高,占所有肺癌患者的10-25%,这是一类有着不同疾病特性的肿瘤。Park 等根据过去10年韩国女性肺癌发病率的稳步上升(1999-2012增加1.8倍),推断非吸烟者肺癌的发病率逐步增长。预计非吸烟者肺癌病死率占癌症病死率的第7位。相比于吸烟者肺癌,非吸烟者肺癌常见于年轻、女性。老龄化、烹饪烟雾、环境致癌物暴露、二手烟和基因易感性可能是非吸烟肺癌的发病因素;然而,非吸烟肺癌的确定病因尚未明确。尽管非吸烟肺癌的预后相比于吸烟肺癌稍好,但很多患者最终还是因为诊断时分期过晚而死亡。

早期筛查是改善肺癌预后的唯一方法。过去40年在重度吸烟者中进行了大量采用胸部X线或低剂量螺旋CT筛查肺癌的研究。早期肺癌筛查项目提示低剂量CT对比胸部X线,在肺癌筛查上更敏感。美国进行的国家肺癌筛查研究(NLST)证实,在重度吸烟者中进行低剂量CT筛查可以降低肺癌病死率和全因病死率。近期,在荷兰和比利时进行的NELSON研究证实,在重度吸烟的无症状男性和女性中开展低剂量CT筛查,可以分别降低26%和39%的10年肺癌死亡率。

上述研究都是针对吸烟者进行的,对于非吸烟者开展低剂量CT筛查的意义如何,目前证据较少。Kondo等的研究提示,低剂量CT筛查组对比胸部X线筛查或有症状组者筛查,具有更好的肺癌特异性生存。另一项在韩国非吸烟女性中进行的回顾性队列研究显示,筛查者中的肺癌诊断率为0.5%,推荐仅对于Lung-RADS分类为4的患者进行年度低剂量CT筛查。目前韩国已经对50岁以上的人群,开展了国家癌症筛查项目,然而这一筛查项目并不包括采用低剂量CT筛查肺癌。因此,很多韩国医院会根据人群的自主需求,无论其吸烟史,进行低剂量CT筛查。本研究采用筛查数据,进行回顾性分析,评估肺癌筛查在吸烟者和非吸烟者中的应用价值。研究旨在真实世界中采用低剂量CT筛查吸烟者和非吸烟,并评估非吸烟者肺癌检出率。

方法

这是一项单中心、回顾性队列研究,分析了国立首尔大学医院2003年3月至2016年6月期间接受低剂量CT筛查患者,无论其吸烟史。5年内有肺癌史或无明确吸烟史人群,排除本研究。根据人群的吸烟史分为两类:非吸烟者(未吸烟者或一生吸烟<100支)和吸烟者(包括当下和既往吸烟者)。肺癌患者需病理确诊。

结果

入组人群

研究期间共30225例接受了低剂量CT筛查,其中1418例吸烟史不明或既往合并肺癌,排除本研究。最终共28807例筛查者纳入本次分析,非吸烟者12176例,吸烟者16631例。共20315例男性和8492例女性,其中分别有4432例(21.85%)和7744例(91.2%)为非吸烟者。

分别在1218例(10.0%)非吸烟者和2318例(13.9%)吸烟者中检查到肺结节。因为1990s期间韩国肺结核流行,一些中老年韩国人有治愈或非活动性肺结核相关结节。吸烟者和非吸烟者对比,肺结节的检出率显著更高,P<0.001,见图1。



图1.研究入组流程图

所有入组人群的基线特征总结见表1,其中女性占总体人群的29.5%;非吸烟者和吸烟者的平均年龄分别为53.2和51.3岁(P<0.0001)。在吸烟者中,7761例(46.7%)筛查者为当下吸烟者,8870例(53.3%)为既往吸烟者。

表1.入组人群的基线特征



基线低螺旋CT筛查中,根据吸烟史区分肺结节检出率

在非吸烟者中,10958例(90.0%)入组人群为肺RADS分类1或S类。此外,分别有950例(7.8%)、151例(1.2%)、70例(0.6%)、38例(0.3%)和9例(0.1%)筛查者为肺RADS 2类,3类,4A类,4B类和4X类。在既往吸烟者中,14315例(86.1%)入组人群为肺RADS分类1或S类。此外,分别有1914例(11.5%)、189例(1.1%)、144例(0.9%)、55例(0.3%)和14例(0.1%)筛查者为肺RADS 2类,3类,4A类,4B类和4X类结节,见表1。

吸烟和非吸烟肺癌的临床转归和特征

在12176例非吸烟者中,发现55例肺癌(0.45%);16631例吸烟者中,发现143例(0.86%)肺癌,差异具有显著意义,P<0.001,见表2。与预期一致,吸烟者肺癌检出率显著高于非吸烟者。研究者同时评估了性别和年龄对肺癌的影响。男性非吸烟者和吸烟者中,肺癌检出率分别为0.38%和0.88%,P<0.001;女性非吸烟者和吸烟者中,肺癌检出率分别为0.49%和0.53%。在非吸烟者中,女性肺癌的检出率似乎高于男性,0.49% vs 0.38%,差异无统计学意义(P=0.396),见表2。在40多岁的筛查者中,男性和女性的肺癌检出率无显著差异,但吸烟者显著高于非吸烟者,分别为1.17% vs 0.16%。

表2.基线CT检查结果中不同的亚组和Lung-RADS分类人群的肺癌检出率



在非吸烟者中,根据基线CT检查,肺癌的检出率在Lung RADS分类1或S类、2类、3类、4A类、4B类和4X类患者中的检出率分别为0.03%、1.58%、13.25%、8.57%、18.42%和44.44%。在117例Lung RADS分类为4的筛查者中,共检出17例(14.53%)肺癌。在吸烟者中,根据基线CT检查,肺癌的检出率在Lung RADS分类1或S类、2类、3类、4A类、4B类和4X类患者中的检出率分别为0.40%、0.94%、10.58%、15.97%、27.27%和71.43%。在213例Lung RADS分类为4的筛查者中,共检出48例(22.54%)肺癌。有意思的是,Lung-RADS分类1或S类的吸烟者,肺癌检出率更高,这就提示在吸烟者中更多的肺癌会在随访期发现。

研究者详细评估了非吸烟者中的肺结节特征,见表3,结节的平均大小为7.3mm,大多数的结节为GGO(55.5%)、实性结节(34.3%)和部分实性结节(10.1%)。76.4%结节表现为单个结节,65.3%表现为边界规律的结节。恶性结节的大小、实性部分比例和边界不规律的患者比例,显著高于非恶性结节。肺结节的位置和癌症诊断无显著差异(P=0.847)。

表3.非吸烟者肺结节的基线特征



1542514061720399.png1542514080138450.png根据吸烟史来详细分析肺癌的特征,总结见表4。在非吸烟者中,大多数(94.6%)的肺癌通过基线CT筛查诊断;而吸烟者中,56.6%的肺癌通过CT筛查诊断,提示非吸烟者肺癌表现出惰性特征。非吸烟者中,仅5.4%的肺癌在后续随访筛查中发现,而吸烟者中有43.3%的患者在后续随访中发现。非吸烟者和吸烟者中,从开始CT筛查到诊断为肺癌的时间分别为22.7和42.1个月。两组患者的肺癌在癌症分期、病理、治疗模式上存在显著差异。非吸烟肺癌中,92.7%为0-I期,仅3.6%(2例)患者为IV期;吸烟肺癌中,63.6%为0-I期,28%为III和IV期。非吸烟肺癌均为腺癌,吸烟肺癌的组织学类型不同:腺癌占72.7%、鳞癌占18.9%、SCLC占3.5%。非吸烟肺癌接受手术治疗的患者比例更高,分别为96.4% vs 75.2%,见下表4。

表4. 根据吸烟状态分析肺癌特征



生存分析

55例非吸烟肺癌中,1例(1.8%)患者死亡;143例吸烟肺癌中,41例(28.7%)患者死亡。非吸烟组和吸烟组的中位随访时间分别为2.21年和3.21年,预计的5年OS率分别为96%和67.4%;预计的10年OS率分别为96%和62.7%;生存分析显示,非吸烟肺癌对比吸烟肺癌有显著更好的生存,P<0.001,见图2。Cox比例风险模型在调整了年龄、性别、癌症分期、组织学类型后,显示吸烟者对比非吸烟者有显著更高的病死率,HR 0.09;95%CI:0.01-0.74;见表5。

表5. Cox回归模型中的肺癌病死率分析



图2. 根据吸烟状态分析CT筛查检测出肺癌患者的生存率

结论和讨论

对非吸烟者开展低剂量CT筛查,可以显著增加肺癌检出率。大多数非吸烟肺癌患者诊断时为早期,生存预后较好。美国的NLST研究和NELSON研究的阳性结果,支持了采用低剂量CT对吸烟者进行筛查,未来的研究应该考虑在非吸烟者进行低剂量CT筛查。

原始出处:
Hye-Rin Kang, et al. Role of low-dose computerized tomography in lung cancer screening among never-smokers. Journal of Thoracic Oncology. Nov 2018.

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    0

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    2018-11-19 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

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    2018-11-19 txqjm

    谢谢了,学习

    0

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    2018-11-19 飛歌

    学习了很有用不错

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