我国流感疫苗接种率仅为2% 认识误区是很大阻力

2018-04-23 佚名 环球网

相比第一类疫苗,第二类疫苗的接种率仍然很低,数据显示,我国流感疫苗接种率仅为2%。

4月25日是第32个全国儿童预防接种日,今年的宣传主题是“预防接种,守护生命”,由中国健康促进基金会主办的宣传普及公益项目在京启动。

我国适龄儿童预防接种率达90%

人民健康是民族昌盛和国家富强的重要标志,保护儿童健康是国家的优先策略和选择。《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》中明确提出 “5岁以下儿童死亡率要由2015年的10.7‰下降到2020年的9.5‰,再到2030年的6.0‰。”要实现这一目标,首先就要减少感染性疾病对儿童的威胁,接种疫苗是预防、控制甚至消灭感染性疾病最经济、安全、有效的手段,做好预防接种对实现健康中国战略意义非常重大。

我国1978年开始实施计划免疫以来,通过普及儿童免疫,减少了麻疹、百日咳、白喉、脊髓灰质炎、结核、破伤风等疾病发病和死亡。2000年,我国通过无脊灰的证实;2002年,将新生儿乙型肝炎疫苗纳入国家免疫规划;2007年,扩大国家免疫规划,将甲型肝炎疫苗、流行性脑脊髓膜炎疫苗等纳入国家免疫规划,14种国家免疫规划疫苗预防15种疾病。1988年、1990年、1996年我国卡介苗、脊髓灰质炎疫苗、百白破疫苗和麻疹疫苗分别达到以省、以县、以乡为单位接种率85%的目标。目前,以乡为单位的适龄儿童,国家免疫规划疫苗接种率已达90%以上。



中国健康促进基金会常务副理事长兼秘书长徐卸古介绍,设立全国儿童预防接种日三十余载,我国儿童可预防疾病的发病率明显下降,5岁以下儿童乙肝病毒表面抗原携带率,从1992年的9.67%降至2014年的0.32%,降幅达97%。疫苗接种使3000多万人避免了乙肝病毒感染。2015年麻疹报告发病率为3.11/10万,降到历史较低水平;流行性乙型脑炎报告发病率降至0.046/10万,流行性脑脊髓膜炎报告发病率降至0.01/10万以下,百日咳报告发病率为0.49/10万。以甲肝为例,2015年全国报告22667例,发病率为1.66/10万,与纳入国家免疫规划前的5.98/10万相比,下降72.2%。大部分疫苗针对的传染病发病率降低到历史最低水平,有效保障了儿童生命安全与健康。这些数字正说明了我国计划免疫工作的成果显着。

中国是肺炎球菌性疾病的高死亡国家

尽管我国免疫规划近年来取得了巨大的成就,各类传染性疾病和感染性疾病已降低到了历史最低点,但我国与发达国家相比,国家免疫规划范围、预防接种率等方面都存在着一定的差距,要实现《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》中的提出的要求,还任重而道远。

据了解,全球人类死亡的主要病因排名中,心血管疾病排在第一位,排名第二的就是感染性疾病,尤其是呼吸系统感染性疾病,儿童和老人是重点人群。儿童常见感染性疾病分为病毒性感染和细菌性感染,病毒性疾病包括流行性感冒、麻疹、风疹、流行性腮腺炎、水痘、脊髓灰质炎、肝炎、手足口、SARS ;细菌性疾病包括白喉、破伤风、百日咳、猩红热、细菌性痢疾、流行性脑脊髓膜炎、肺炎球菌、Hib流感嗜血杆菌、细菌性食物中毒等。其中流行性感冒、手足口、肺炎链球菌相关疾病,即便有了相关预防疫苗,但因为接种率低,使得感染率仍然居高不下。

儿童是流行性感冒的高发人群,住院治疗的流感儿童中,并发症第一位就是肺炎,占26.1%,其次是中耳炎、急性支气管炎等。2014年发表在美国儿科杂志的一项研究显示:中度或重度流感样患儿中,三分之一会出现严重并发症,40%发生严重并发症儿童在发病前没有任何潜在疾病。

《中华预防医学杂志》今年3月发表了“肺炎球菌性疾病免疫预防专家共识(2017年版)”,参与“共识”编写的北京儿童医院姚开虎教授对“共识”进行了详细解读,他指出,肺炎球菌广泛存在于鼻咽部,可长期正常定植,当机体免疫力下降时,定植在鼻咽部的肺炎球菌下行至下呼吸道或其它部位可导致感染,也可通过飞沫、呼吸道分泌物传播,肺炎球菌携带率为27%-85%。

全球儿童疫苗可预防疾病死亡数中,WHO估计肺炎球菌性疾病每年导致476000人死亡,轮状病毒可致453000人死亡,Hib(b型流感嗜血杆菌)导致199000人死亡。中国仍然是全球5岁以下儿童肺炎球菌性疾病死亡例数最多的十个国家之一,目前排名第六。WHO将儿童肺炎球菌性疾病列为“需极高度优先”使用疫苗预防的疾病。

“目前,解决这一局面最好的办法就是接种儿童肺炎球菌疫苗,这是全球的共识。虽然儿童肺炎球菌疫苗在我国还是二类疫苗,需自费接种,但儿童肺炎球菌疾病所造成的花费,要远高于疫苗的花费,且儿童还能免遭疾病侵袭之苦。”姚开虎教授解释,肺炎球菌引起的不单单是肺炎一种疾病,还包括中耳炎、脑膜炎等多种相关疾病,目前肺炎主要治疗手段是抗生素,其耐药性已成为困扰治疗效果最大阻力。

认识误区是提升接种率的最大阻力

相比第一类疫苗,第二类疫苗的接种率仍然很低,比如据原国家卫计委的数据显示,我国流感疫苗接种率仅为2%。

清华大学第一附属医院保健科副主任医师郑东旖会上就预防接种对儿童健康的意义做了全面的解读,她介绍,目前已研制成功并上市的有46种疫苗,我国将疫苗分为第一类疫苗和第二类疫苗,其中14种为第一类疫苗,其接种率较高,其余第二类疫苗接种率相对较低,问题大多出在对疫苗的认知误区上。

郑东旖介绍,从日常的临床和过去多年的疫苗不良事件看,疫苗信息传播存在不科学、片面、甚至误导的情况,这不仅让公众感到恐慌,更大的危害是让很多本该接种疫苗的儿童错过了接种疫苗的最佳时间,为一些疾病的侵袭留下了隐患。目前的当务之急是传播科学的疫苗知识,引导公众规范接种疫苗,从而保护儿童的健康,为国家减轻医疗负担,为家庭带来和谐幸福。

很多人不了解第一类疫苗和第二类疫苗是如何划分的,以为第一类疫苗比第二类疫苗更有效、更安全。其实,一类和二类的区分不单单是以疾病的危害性作为标准,更不是以疫苗的接种效果或者安全性来区分。其中有的二类疫苗预防的疾病,危害也更大。例如,流感因其病毒基因易变异,年年季节流行,是世界卫生组织开展全球实验室和流行病学监测的唯一传染病。再如,肺炎球菌性疾病及疟疾是世卫组织极高度优先推荐使用疫苗预防的疾病。

“就和今年全国预防接种日的宣传主题一样,为了儿童的生命健康,我们应该重视预防接种,正确认识预防接种知识,让儿童健康成长。” 郑东旖说。

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