吃葡萄不吐葡萄皮就对啦!全葡萄粉能有效降胆固醇,增加肠道菌群多样性!

2022-01-16 LILYMED MedSci原创

Nutrients:标准食用葡萄粉对健康受试者肠道菌群的影响:一项初步研究。

葡萄不仅含有各种植物化学物质,如儿茶素,原花青素,花青素,亮氨酸花青素,槲皮素,山奈酚,二苯乙烯,鞣花酸和羟基肉桂酸酯,而且也是膳食纤维的良好来源。葡萄、葡萄提取物或葡萄酚类化合物的抗氧化、抗菌和抗病毒作用已有报道。摄入葡萄干8周被发现可以改善喂食致动脉粥样硬化饮食(0.5%胆固醇)的兔子的肝功能和动脉粥样硬化病变的形成。最近一项小鼠研究表明,食用新鲜葡萄可以降低肥胖并改善肝脂肪变性的标志物,并且与肠道微生物组的改善有关。
肠道菌群改变与代谢性疾病,例如肥胖、2型糖尿病(T2DM)和心血管疾病的发展有关。越来越多证据表明肠道微生物组在宿主胆固醇稳态中的关键作用。研究表明,富含多酚的水果可以产生益生元作用,导致肠道微生物群组成的变化。之前的研究表明,用富含多酚的石榴提取物补充致肥胖饮食会降低血液胆固醇水平和肝脏胆固醇含量。
 
此外,石榴提取物和菊粉纤维的组合进一步降低了胆固醇合成,增加了胆固醇降解,增加了胆固醇和BA排泄,与肠道微生物群的变化有关。葡萄是最常食用的水果之一,但关于食用葡萄对人类肠道微生物组和胆固醇代谢的影响的信息有限。本研究旨在评估每天食用两份全葡萄粉形式的加州葡萄(一剂46克)是否会改变健康个体的肠道微生物群,及胆固醇与BA代谢。
这是一项两阶段干预研究,包括4周的标准化阶段和4周的干预阶段。来自19名年龄在21-55岁之间的受试者的数据被纳入统计评估。未报告不良反应。基线和4周葡萄粉摄入后的BMI和体重相似(164.8(47.7)对165.0(49.4))(表1)。
 
1、葡萄粉摄入对肠道菌群的影响
与基线相比,4周的葡萄粉摄入量显着增加了α多样性指数(Shannon,p = 0.04)(图1B,C)。通过PCoA计算并可视化了beta多样性测量Bray-Curtis相差性。基线和4周葡萄粉摄入量之间没有明显的分离(图1D)。将4周葡萄粉摄入量与基线进行比较,疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)表2图1E)和三个属阿克曼氏菌(Akkermansia),黄杆菌属(Flavonifractor)和毛螺菌属Lachnospiraceae UCG-010(图1F)的粪便相对丰度显着增加,而双歧杆菌和戴阿利斯特杆菌(Dialister)两个属的相对丰度(图1F)在葡萄粉摄入后明显减少。PICRUSt2共预测了357种代谢途径,其中共有6个在基线和4周葡萄粉摄入量之间有显着差异(图1G)。葡萄干预显著增加了岩藻糖和鼠李糖降解途径,以及嘧啶脱氧核糖核苷酸从头生物合成II途径。(Kdo)2-脂质A生物合成,NAD生物合成II(来自色氨酸),L-色氨酸降解为2-氨基-3-羧甲基钍酸半醛,GDP-D-甘油-α-D-甘露糖-庚糖生物合成途径下调(图1G)。
 

2、葡萄粉的摄入和血清脂质和胆汁酸

食用葡萄粉4周后,血清总胆固醇下降6.1%(基线:164.8 mg / dL(27.3);干预:154.7 mg / dL(25.1);p = 0.04);高密度脂蛋白胆固醇增加7.6%(基线:31.4毫克/分升(9.4);干预:29.0毫克/分升(8.0);p = 0.01)。低密度脂蛋白胆固醇呈下降趋势5.9%(基线:118.6毫克/分升(23.5);干预:111.6毫克/分升(19.6);p = 0.08),甘油三酯水平没有改变(图2)。此外,4周的葡萄粉摄入使血清结合初级胆汁酸(BAs)GCGCA和TCDCA分别显着降低47.9%和42.1%,结合的次生BAGDCA和TDCA分别减少27.8%和35.8%(表3)。

3、肠道菌群与血脂、BAs的相关性

计算摄入葡萄粉4周后血清血脂、BA水平和肠道微生物门水平的Spearman相关性,绘制成热图(图3)。变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、广菌门(Euryarchaeota)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)的相对丰度变化分别与血清DCA、GDCA和未偶联的BAs占总BAs的比例呈正相关。放线菌的相对丰度变化与7种共轭菌中的4种(GCA、GLCA、TCDCA和TDCA)呈正相关。血清甘油三酯,胆固醇,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和微生物门的变化之间没有检测到显着相关性。
 
综上,与基线相比,摄入葡萄粉4周显着增加了肠道微生物组的α多样性指数,使总胆固醇显着降低了6.1%,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇升高了7.6%,还有使低密度脂蛋白胆固醇降低5.9%,总胆汁酸降低40.9%的趋势。血液甘油三酯水平和身体成分没有因葡萄粉摄入而改变。
 
综上所述,葡萄粉的消费显著改变了肠道微生物组和胆固醇/胆汁酸代谢。而且在基线到葡萄粉干预结束之间,没有观察到身体成分或不良消化系统症状的显着差异,这表明每天食用46克全葡萄提取物粉是安全的,并且在健康受试者中耐受性良好。
 
总之,本研究结果提供了关于葡萄摄入量对肠道微生物组,宿主胆固醇和BA代谢的影响的新初步信息。这些数据将有助于未来研究的设计,以探索葡萄消费的健康益处。
 
 
原文来源:
Jieping Yang, et al. Effect of Standardized Grape Powder Consumption on the Gut Microbiome of Healthy Subjects: A Pilot S.Nutrients 2021, 13, 3965. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113965

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    2022-01-24 ms3000000884115523

    0

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    2022-01-16 ms6000000656440728

    OK!

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Scientifc Reports:一项单臂干预研究:在乳腺癌治疗过程中,低频运动训练改善心血管健康和力量

JCEM:食用鸡蛋越多,个体血脂状况更好?

在患有慢性代谢紊乱的个体中,较高的鸡蛋摄入量与血脂无关。在没有这种疾病的个体中,食用更多鸡蛋的个体血脂状况更好。该研究的结果支持当前推荐鸡蛋作为健康饮食的指南。

Nature子刊:癌症幸存者血脂四项出现这些变化,小心心梗和卒中!

Scientifc Reports:既往癌症和随后心肌梗死或中风患者的脂质谱和预后

J PINEAL RES:深夜加班的“社畜”激素代谢紊乱了怎么办?关掉灯,补充一点褪黑素!

褪黑素可以改善夜间的糖耐量、胰岛素敏感性和血脂水平。

Clinical Nutrition:膳食模式干预通过影响肠道菌群的结构和功能改善血脂

研究提示,在超重或肥胖的中国女性中,膳食模式干预导致的菌群结构改变比宿主脂肪酸相关代谢的改变对于血脂改善的贡献度更大。