Sci Transl Med:肠道菌群或能改变机体的衰老进程

2019-12-05 佚名 细胞

近日,一项刊登在国际杂志Science Translational Medicine上的研究报告中,来自南洋理工大学等机构的科学家们通过研究发现,生活在肠道中的微生物或能改变机体的老化进程,这或有望帮助研究人员开发基于食物的新型疗法来减缓机体的衰老。包括人类在内的所有生物都与其体内多种微生物互相共存,过去20年里,研究人员进行了大量研究发现,体内的微生物在机体营养、生理学特性、代谢和行为上都扮演着

近日,一项刊登在国际杂志Science Translational Medicine上的研究报告中,来自南洋理工大学等机构的科学家们通过研究发现,生活在肠道中的微生物或能改变机体的老化进程,这或有望帮助研究人员开发基于食物的新型疗法来减缓机体的衰老。包括人类在内的所有生物都与其体内多种微生物互相共存,过去20年里,研究人员进行了大量研究发现,体内的微生物在机体营养、生理学特性、代谢和行为上都扮演着非常关键的角色。

这项研究中,研究人员将老年小鼠(24个月大)机体的肠道微生物移植到年轻、无菌的小鼠(6周大)体内,8周后,研究者发现,幼鼠体内肠道生长发生了增加,且大脑中也产生了神经元(神经发生);研究者认为,神经发生的增加或许是因为特殊肠道微生物的富集,这些微生物能够产生特殊的丁酸。丁酸是下消化道中膳食纤维的微生物发酵所产生的,其能刺激名为FGF21的促长寿激素产生,FGF21在调节机体能量和代谢上扮演着非常关键的角色,随着年龄增长,丁酸的产量会发生下降。

随后研究者发现,将丁酸单独给予无菌小鼠后也会使其产生像成年小鼠同样的神经发生效应,研究者Pettersson教授说道,我们发现,收集自老年小鼠体内的微生物拥有支持其在幼年小鼠体内促进神经生长的能力,这是一项非常有意思的观察性研究,尤其是我们能够通过单独使用丁酸来模拟神经刺激效应。相关研究结果或能帮助阐明丁酸是否能支持某些疾病患者体内的组织修复和重建,比如中风、脊髓损伤等,并能够减缓机体的衰老和认知下降过程。

此外,研究人员还深入分析了将肠道微生物从老年小鼠移植到幼年小鼠机体后,对幼年小鼠消化系统功能的影响效应;随着年龄增长,小肠细胞的活性会发生下降,而这与肠道粘液产量下降直接相关,粘液的产生会使得肠道细胞对损伤和细胞死亡变得更加敏感。然而,额外加入丁酸或能帮助调节机体肠道屏障的功能,并帮助降低炎症的风险。研究者发现,接受来自成年供体小鼠机体微生物的小鼠会增加其小肠绒毛的长度和宽度,此外,相比幼年无菌小鼠而言,老年/成年小鼠机体中的小肠和结肠往往会更长一些。相关研究结果表明,肠道微生物或能通过积极刺激的方式来补偿并支持机体的衰老。

研究者Pettersson表示,我们可以设想一下未来的研究,即检测含有丁酸的食物来支持健康老龄化和成体神经发生的能力;本文研究结果或能帮助解答很多关于老化生物学和微生物组的相关问题,比如小鼠机体中是否存在对产生丁酸的微生物的主动获取,是否极端衰老会导致这种基本微生物群落的丧失,而且这种丧失是否会引发生物失调及与年龄相关的功能失调等。

研究者指出,本文研究或能帮助我们理解机体衰老过程中微生物组和宿主之间的神秘关联,同时也为开发微生物组相关的干预措施来促进机体健康老龄化提供新的思路和希望。本文研究基于研究人员早期的研究结果,此前研究人员通过研究阐明了来自健康小鼠机体肠道微生物的移植如何帮助恢复肌肉萎缩的无菌小鼠体内的肌肉生长和功能;后期研究人员还会通过更为深入的研究来利用肠道菌群开发有效的抗衰老策略或疗法。

原始出处:
Parag Kundu, Hae Ung Lee, Isabel Garcia-Perez, et al. Neurogenesis and prolongevity signaling in young germ-free mice transplanted with the gut microbiota of old mice, Science Translational Medicine  13 Nov 2019: Vol. 11, Issue 518, eaau4760 doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aau4760

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