病例分享:甲型H3N2流感病毒感染合并坏死性肺炎一例

2017-12-09 李丽娟 中日友好医院 京港感染论坛

流感病毒感染后出现坏死性肺炎表现时,需要警惕继发金黄色葡萄球菌感染,病程2周后临床表现反复,需要警惕机化性肺炎发生。

流感病毒感染后出现坏死性肺炎表现时,需要警惕继发金黄色葡萄球菌感染,病程2周后临床表现反复,需要警惕机化性肺炎发生。

患者67岁,男性,北京人,2017年9月26日因为“发热、干咳伴呼吸困难2天,加重1天”诊断“重症肺炎”入中日医院急诊科。

患者2天前自新疆旅游途中出现发热,体温最高38℃,伴剧烈咳嗽,少痰,伴胸闷、呼吸困难,咳嗽时胸痛,为锐痛,持续几秒钟缓解,无咽痛、肌肉酸痛,无寒战,无咳血或痰中带血,无意识障碍,无腹痛腹泻等其他不适,首诊于某三级医院,查血常规示WBC7.1*10^9/L,N%84.2%,LYM0.56*10^9/L,CRP 19.09mg/L,ESR11mm/h,胸部CT提示双肺炎症(图1),考虑为肺部感染,予左氧氟沙星、头孢米诺静点抗感染及补液化痰等治疗,患者症状无明显好转。1天前患者出现咳嗽、咳痰、呼吸困难加重,痰量增加黄脓痰,出现痰中带血,体温最高39℃,急查血气分析(面罩吸氧4L/min)示I型呼吸衰竭(pH7.417,PO2 59.8mmHg,PCO227mmHg,乳酸1.9mmol/L),血压97/54mmHg,心率100次/分,R35次/分,复查肺部CT较前明显加重(图2),遂收入急诊ICU进一步治疗。自患病以来未进食,呕吐棕色胃内容物1次,具体量不详,3日未排大便,小便正常,体重无明显变化。





既往史及个人史

消化道溃疡病史20年。无烟酒嗜好及过敏史。发病前新疆旅游史。婚育史及家族史无特殊。

入院查体

体温38.3℃,心率96次/分,呼吸35次/分,血压98/63mmHg,SpO2 88%(FiO20.37),神志清,查体合作,口唇无紫绀,咽部略充血,双肺叩诊清音,左肺呼吸音粗,右下肺呼吸音减弱,双下肺可闻及湿啰音,无胸膜摩擦音。心音有力,律齐,各瓣膜听诊区未闻及杂音,无心包摩擦音。腹软,无压痛、反跳痛,无肌紧张,肝脾肋下未及,双下肢不肿。

入院诊断

重症社区获得性肺炎,I型呼吸衰竭

治疗经过

患者入院后予头孢哌酮舒巴坦联合莫西沙星抗感染治疗,同时给予面罩吸氧、祛痰等对症治疗。尽快行痰病原学检查,并在第三天行支气管镜检查示左右各叶段支气管开口通畅,粘膜充血,轻度水肿,左、右肺基底段可见白色泡沫样痰,予左下肺基底段生理盐水灌洗50ml,回收20ml,外观红棕色(图3)。痰和BALF甲型流感病毒核酸(+),具体分型H3N2,给予奥司他韦150mg bid口服抗病毒治疗。患者症状无好转,复查肺部CT示双肺坏死性肺炎,左肺下叶新出现空洞,双侧胸腔积液,较前增多(图4)。痰涂片示革兰氏阳性球菌,痰培养示金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA),将抗生素降级成阿莫西林克拉维酸钾1.2g q8h静脉点滴。患者呼吸衰竭无好转,仍需要面罩吸氧4-5L/分,考虑不除外合并机化性肺炎,加用甲基强的松龙40mg×1天,32mg×2天,患者症状明显好转,但淋巴细胞低至0.44*10^9/L,停用甲基强的松龙。继续祛痰、阿莫西林克拉维酸钾、奥司他韦治疗(图5-6),复查CT较前明显好转(图7)。患者于2017-10-16号好转出院。















经验教训

此患者以肺炎入院,根据患者入院时符合呼吸频率≥30次/min,氧合指数≤250mmHg,CT示多肺叶浸润,考虑重症肺炎诊断明确,病原学为重症肺炎诊断的核心,此患者尽早送检痰病原学检查,并及时行支气管镜检查,病原学为甲型流感病毒(H3N2)合并MSSA,在抗病毒的同时,给予抗生素降级治疗。流感病毒感染后容易继发肺炎链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌感染,混合感染常常导致患者不良预后。目前文献报道流感后继发细菌感染致病机制,包括流感病毒引起的上皮细胞损伤的假说,从而继发性细菌入侵。其他的假设包括:肺泡巨噬细胞吞噬细菌的减少,Toll样受体的下调,1型干扰素产生的中性粒细胞聚集的抑制作用,是流感病毒继发细菌感染的常见原因。另外,由于流感病毒感染,免疫细胞(T细胞)可能参与急性肺损伤,这可能有助于促进继发细菌入侵。流感后继发细菌感染上世纪文献报道最常见的肺炎链球菌,近来文献报道流感后感染金黄色葡萄球菌的严重病例,常常与金黄色葡萄球菌产生的杀白细胞素有关。

流感病毒后是否应用激素一直存在争议,有文献报道糖皮质激素可以降低H1N1患者的退热时间,增加氧合指数,减少渗出,从而减少进展为ARDS。但是近年来的文献报道接受糖皮质激素治疗的甲流患者机械通气时间更长,院内严重细菌感染更常见,Brun等报道208例A/HIN1pdm09流感诱发ARDS患者,其中83例(40%)接受氢化可的松治疗,剂量200~400 mg/d,中位剂量270 mg/d,疗程6~20 d,接受糖皮质激素治疗的患者死亡风险更高(34%比17%;p=0.002);在流感病毒感染病程的2周左右,患者病情无好转,肺CT显示在左下肺空洞的基础上合并弥漫实变渗出,不除外机化性肺炎,故加用甲强龙治疗。当患者淋巴细胞降低时,考虑长期应用有继发院内感染风险,因此尽快减停糖皮质激素,患者症状好转。但遗憾的是该患者没有病理结果支持。

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    2018-08-11 siiner
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    2017-12-12 stupidox

    或许多等两天不用激素也会好

    0

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    2017-12-11 millore
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    2017-12-10 1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称)

    学习学习.了解了解

    0

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    2017-12-09 131****1460

    学习了受益匪浅

    0

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    2017-12-09 清风拂面

    很好的文章.谢谢分享

    0

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