亚洲家猪 “超清” 基因组图谱发布

2019-10-09 佚名 中国科学报

近日,生物学预印本服务器(BioRxiv)在线发表了中国优良地方猪——陆川猪的染色体级别的高质量定相(Phased)基因组序列。这不仅填补了亚洲家猪缺少高质量参考基因组的空白,更为基因组组装提供了新的方向。该项成果由中国农业科学院深圳农业基因组研究所(以下简称 “基因组所”)猪基因组设计育种创新团队主导完成。

近日,生物学预印本服务器(BioRxiv)在线发表了中国优良地方猪——陆川猪的染色体级别的高质量定相(Phased)基因组序列。这不仅填补了亚洲家猪缺少高质量参考基因组的空白,更为基因组组装提供了新的方向。该项成果由中国农业科学院深圳农业基因组研究所(以下简称 “基因组所”)猪基因组设计育种创新团队主导完成。

项目负责人、基因组所研究员唐中林告诉《中国科学报》,利用多项测序技术和组装算法,他们首次获得了染色体级别、完整的两套基因组序列。这标志着来自亲本的等位基因可以完整区分,为研究等位基因的功能互作提供了宝贵的数据和技术基础,具有重要的理论和应用价值。

“包括人在内的很多物种,都是二倍体。也就是说,每一个二倍体个体中都有两套不同亲本来源的单倍体序列。我们组装得到的猪基因组,除了有很高的连续性外,更是成功地获得了两套染色体级别的基因组序列,这在基因组组装研究领域尚属首次。” 唐中林说,“这意味着我们可以同时研究同源染色体的变异,以及来自不同亲本的等位基因功能。这是基因组学领域科学家们梦寐已久的,今天我们向前迈了一大步。”

据介绍,东西方猪种拥有各自独立的驯化起源,分属两个不同的进化分支,且具有明显的形态和遗传学差异。然而,目前猪基因组学研究采用的是西方猪种杜洛克(Duroc)的基因组序列,这在一定程度上限制了对亚洲家猪的基因组学研究。

进化研究表明,陆川猪和杜洛克猪的分化时间约为 170 万年前。项目参与方、深圳凌恩生物 CEO 牛永超介绍,通过比较二者基因组,他们发现陆川猪的 272 个阳性选择基因在蛋白酪氨酸激酶活性、微管运动活性、GTPase 激活物活性和泛素蛋白转移酶活性等方面均显着富集,而杜洛克猪阳性选择基因与 G 蛋白偶联受体活性密切相关。这不仅为猪遗传学领域提供了关键的基准数据,而且为利用猪做模式动物研究人类健康和疾病开辟了一条新的道路。

唐中林介绍,我国是世界上最大的生猪养殖和猪肉消费国,拥有全球 1/3 的猪品种。这些资源是深入挖掘地方猪肉质和抗病力等重要性状优质基因的遗传宝库。然而,随着西方商业猪种的普及,本地猪种受到了非常大的冲击,有些著名地方品种的数量比大熊猫还要稀少,部分品种甚至已经灭绝。地方猪种质资源的保护刻不容缓,尤其在面对非洲猪瘟挑战的今天,该基因组的发布更是具有重要的战略意义。

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    2019-10-10 thm112988

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