Cell Host Microbe:深度解读,“四不像”的新冠病毒

2020-02-12 Walter 转化医学网

导读:庚子岁首,新冠病毒扫荡九州,目前导致死亡病例已经超过2003年SARS的影响。那么,2019-nCoV与SARS究竟有哪些异同?究竟是病毒的哪些特性导致新冠肺炎肆虐不息呢?

导读:庚子岁首,新冠病毒扫荡九州,目前导致死亡病例已经超过2003年SARS的影响。那么,2019-nCoV与SARS究竟有哪些异同?究竟是病毒的哪些特性导致新冠肺炎肆虐不息呢?

研究者们对2019-nCoV的基因组数据进行了深度解读,发现它与SARS等其他冠状病毒存在380个氨基酸的重要差异,相对更接蝙蝠中发现的原始毒株。这篇评论近日发表在Cell Host & Microbe上,通讯作者为中国疾控中心病毒所防控所病毒应急技术中心主任谭文杰、美国微生物科学院院士、加州大学教授程根宏,以及中国医学院科学院生物医学大数据中心主任蒋太交。
 


冠状病毒主要引起呼吸道和肠道感染,根据基因序列被分为四个主要属:甲型、乙型、丙型和三角洲冠状病毒,其中前两个属主要感染哺乳动物,后两个属主要感染鸟类。先前已经确定了六种人类CoV,其中重症急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒(SARS-CoV)和中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒(MERS-CoV)均属于乙型冠状病毒,具有高致病性,很有可能都是由蝙蝠经由中间宿主果子狸或单峰驼传递给人类。

冠状病毒的基因组大小在26,000至32,000个碱基之间,包括6-11个开放阅读框(ORF)。第一个ORF占整个基因组大小的约67%,编码16种非结构蛋白,其他ORF编码辅助蛋白和结构蛋白。冠状病毒的四种主要结构蛋白是刺突表面糖蛋白、小包膜蛋白、基质蛋白和核衣壳蛋白。

刺突表面糖蛋白对于病毒结合宿主细胞上的受体至关重要。SARS-CoV和MERS-CoV的结合方式有很大区别。SARS-CoV的主要受体是血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2),而MERS-CoV的主要受体是二肽基肽酶4(DPP4,也称为CD26)。2019-nCoV的主要受体也为ACE2,因此初步分析与SARS样蝙蝠冠状病毒具有密切的进化联系。


2019-nCoV的基因组成和进化树

通过分子进化遗传学分析发现,冠状病毒进化总共分为两支,甲型、丙型和三角洲冠状病毒为一支,乙型冠状病毒独辟一支,2019-nCoV与SARS-CoV、MERS-CoV以及此前在蝙蝠中发现的SARS样病毒(MG772933)同属此支。

2019-nCoV与SARS样蝙蝠病毒是平行进化而来,而SARS-CoV是蝙蝠病毒进一步变异后的子代,因此2019-nCoV与“兄弟”蝙蝠病毒比“侄子”SARS-CoV更为相近,与“远亲”MERS-CoV差异最大。尽管如此,研究者却无法在蝙蝠病毒中找到任何一条与2019-nCoV完全相同的蛋白单链。

于是,研究者仔细对比2019-nCoV与SARS-CoV和蝙蝠病毒的结构,发现他们的对应序列中共有380个氨基酸发生取代。两者的非结构蛋白7、13,包膜,基质和辅助蛋白p6、8b完全一致。非结构蛋白3和2中分别有102和61个氨基酸发生取代。

最重要的是,2019-nCoV与宿主受体结合的刺突蛋白发生27个氨基酸取代,影响长度为1,273个氨基酸的肽链,其中6个位于受体结合域。另外,在受体结合亚基S1结构域的C端发生四个取代,位于被报道为SARS-CoV的两条抗原肽中,也就意味着2019-nCoV与SASR-CoV的抗原性和疫苗将差异巨大。


2019-nCoV与SARS-CoV和蝙蝠病毒的氨基酸差异

限于对新冠病毒的了解,研究者无法对2019-nCoV与SARS-CoV或蝙蝠病毒之间大量的氨基酸取代作出合理的解释。SARS-CoV溯源到蝙蝠病毒是有迹可循的,至少两者与受体ACE2结合的蛋白序列完全一致;而2019-nCoV如此独特,没有一种冠状病毒的结合蛋白与其完全相同,研究者们只发现与其平行且相似的病毒,却无从追踪其进化的源头。

这项分析提示了新冠病毒传播和感染如此迅速的根源所在,同时也强调了目前2019-nCoV的溯源之路还极其漫长。2019-nCoV的独立性和特殊性,也将为新冠肺炎的疫苗药物研发带来不小的挑战。

原始出处:

Aiping Wu, Yousong Peng, Baoying Huang, et.al. Genome Composition and Divergence of the Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Originating in China. Cell Host and Microbe February 07, 2020

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    2020-04-21 维他命
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    2020-09-12 xjy02
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    2020-02-12 公卫新人

    新冠肺炎,疫情何时才能消失

    0

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