PLoS ONE:研究者揭示卫星细胞促进肌肉损伤修复的新分子机制

2012-05-19 T.Shen 生物谷

satellite cells 近日,来自奥克兰儿童医学研究中心的研究者发现了骨骼肌干细胞如何对肌肉损伤做出反应,这就给了我们一些提示,帮助我们改善杜兴氏肌肉营养不良症患者的肌肉修复能力,杜兴氏肌肉营养不良症一种严重的肌肉遗传疾病,可以导致患者体弱、残疾,最终心脏和呼吸衰竭。研究者在研究中揭示了一种脂质信号分子鞘氨醇-1-磷酸盐(S1P),这种分子可致炎症应答反应,刺激肌肉干细胞进行增值并且协助

satellite cells

近日,来自奥克兰儿童医学研究中心的研究者发现了骨骼肌干细胞如何对肌肉损伤做出反应,这就给了我们一些提示,帮助我们改善杜兴氏肌肉营养不良症患者的肌肉修复能力,杜兴氏肌肉营养不良症一种严重的肌肉遗传疾病,可以导致患者体弱、残疾,最终心脏和呼吸衰竭。研究者在研究中揭示了一种脂质信号分子鞘氨醇-1-磷酸盐(S1P),这种分子可致炎症应答反应,刺激肌肉干细胞进行增值并且协助肌肉进行修复作用。研究者在mdx小鼠中进行研究,这种小鼠患上了类似于杜兴氏肌肉营养不良症的疾病,并且伴随S1P的功能缺失,研究者在小鼠中增加S1P的水平可以帮助小鼠肌肉再生。相关研究成果于近日刊登在了国际著名杂志PLoS One上。

骨骼肌是人类机体最大的系统,对于人类活动至关重要,机体的肌肉可以因为外伤、不活动、年龄以及一系列的遗传性肌肉疾病而引起损伤,然而更重要的是,骨骼肌是人类机体中很少的可以进行伤后自愈的组织,肌肉再生的能力在于称为“卫星细胞”这种成体干细胞的存在,这种干细胞对于肌肉的修复必不可少。正常情况下,卫星细胞位于肌肉纤维的外层部分,而且不生长、移动。然而,当肌肉损伤之后,这些干细胞便会复苏,然后融合进受伤的肌肉组织中,通过进行一系列的复杂过程重建机体健康的肌肉组织结构。

S1P是一个脂质信号分子,可以控制许多人类细胞的移动和增殖,科学家证明S1P可以激活卫星细胞,但是具体是如何激活的并不清楚。研究者Saba表示,目前他们已经研究S1P很多年了,2003年,他们刊登出研究成果表示,S1P代谢缺失的果蝇突变体不能够飞行了,因为果蝇患上了肌肉疾病导致飞行肌肉衰老退化。基于研究者的发现,他们认为S1P信号路径在肌肉稳定性和平衡性上扮演着重要角色。不仅仅是在果蝇及其它哺乳动物中,甚至在人类中也是如此。

Saba的研究小组如今在研究S1P是如何在肌肉损伤时激活干细胞进行修复作用的,这就涉及到了S1P激活S1P受体2的能力了,S1P受体2是5个细胞表面受体之一,可以导致受转录因子STAT3控制的炎症途径活性的下降。研究者揭示,在肌肉损伤后,S1P可以迅速产生,因此就会产生S1P信号路径,通过S1P受体2激活该途径,导致STAT3的活化,最终引发基因表达的变化,促使卫星细胞激活来修复受损肌肉组织。

Saba教授表示,他们的研究发现对于特定的肌肉疾病或者儿童的肌病的治疗非常重要,最常见和最严重的肌病就是杜兴氏肌肉营养不良症,这种疾病可以导致病人在20多岁时呼气衰竭或者心力衰竭,最后死亡。尽管病人机体中存在卫星细胞可以进行肌肉修复,可是修复的速度根本赶不上患者机体肌肉退化的速度。研究者在类似疾病的mdx小鼠中发现,用药物封堵的方法可以增加S1P的水平,这种方法可以增加卫星细胞的数量,进而提高卫星细胞进行肌肉修复的速度和效率。

研究者指出,在杜兴氏肌肉营养不良症患者中,我们同样可以用在小鼠中相似的方法来提高S1P的水平,从而增加卫星细胞的功能以及其肌肉再生的能力。通过药物来阻塞S1P的代谢路径增加S1P的水平目前正在检测其它人类疾病中的疗效,比如风湿性关节炎。如果可行的话,那么类似的方法也可以应用于杜兴氏肌肉营养不良症患者。另外,新的因子可以特异性地激活S1P受体2,这样对于补充卫星细胞的养分有益,并且可以改善肌肉的再生。该项研究由肌肉萎缩症协会、国立卫生研究院支持。(生物谷:T.Shen编译)

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037218
PMC:
PMID:

Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Enhances Satellite Cell Activation in Dystrophic Muscles through a S1PR2/STAT3 Signaling Pathway

Kenneth C. Loh1#, Weng-In Leong1#, Morgan E. Carlson1, Babak Oskouian1, Ashok Kumar1, Henrik Fyrst1, Meng Zhang1, Richard L. Proia2, Eric P. Hoffman3, Julie D. Saba1*

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) activates a widely expressed family of G protein-coupled receptors, serves as a muscle trophic factor and activates muscle stem cells called satellite cells (SCs) through unknown mechanisms. Here we show that muscle injury induces dynamic changes in S1P signaling and metabolism in vivo. These changes include early and profound induction of the gene encoding the S1P biosynthetic enzyme SphK1, followed by induction of the catabolic enzyme sphingosine phosphate lyase (SPL) 3 days later. These changes correlate with a transient increase in circulating S1P levels after muscle injury. We show a specific requirement for SphK1 to support efficient muscle regeneration and SC proliferation and differentiation. Mdx mice, which serve as a model for muscular dystrophy (MD), were found to be S1P-deficient and exhibited muscle SPL upregulation, suggesting that S1P catabolism is enhanced in dystrophic muscle. Pharmacological SPL inhibition increased muscle S1P levels, improved mdx muscle regeneration and enhanced SC proliferation via S1P receptor 2 (S1PR2)-dependent inhibition of Rac1, thereby activating Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3), a central player in inflammatory signaling. STAT3 activation resulted in p21 and p27 downregulation in a S1PR2-dependent fashion in myoblasts. Our findings suggest that S1P promotes SC progression through the cell cycle by repression of cell cycle inhibitors via S1PR2/STAT3-dependent signaling and that SPL inhibition may provide a therapeutic strategy for MD.

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    2012-10-10 stfoxst
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