基础科研:Nature重磅:美国野生白尾鹿已携带三种新冠变异株,其中一种与人类中流行的密切相关

2021-12-28 生物探索 网络

白尾鹿能被新冠病毒长期感染的事实,意味着可能已经在人类之外建立了一个新的维持宿主。

本文转载自“中国生物技术网”微信公众号。

 

北京时间12月24日,发表在国际顶级学术期刊Nature上的一项最新研究中(目前还是未编辑完的手稿),来自美国俄亥俄州立大学的研究团队在该州的野生白尾鹿(Odocoileus virginianus)中发现了至少三种新冠病毒变异毒株,提示该物种可能是新冠病毒的潜在“蓄水池”。这意味着,新冠病毒可以在野生白尾鹿体内长期生存,为其进一步化并有可能传播给人类开辟了新的途径。

 

 

这两年,来自不同国家的报道已经证实,人类可以将新冠病毒传染给多种哺乳动物,包括灵长动物、猫科动物、狗、水貂和河马等,但尚未观察到新的天然动物宿主的建立。

 

此前由美国农业部领导的研究已经证实在美国爱荷华州野生白尾鹿种群中存在新冠病毒抗体。这一事实引发了许多新的悬而未决的问题,包括鹿是如何被感染的?它们是否可以感染人类和其他物种?它们是暂时感染还是长期感染?

 

在这项新研究中,研究人员在2021年1月至3月期间采集了俄亥俄州东北部9个不同地点的360只野生白尾鹿的鼻拭子,每个地点采样1至3次。当时德尔塔变异毒株还没有成为全球的主导毒株。

 

 

通过核酸检测,研究人员在129只(35.8%)的采样鹿中检测到三种不同的新冠病毒谱系B.1.2、B.1.582和B.1.596。

 

研究人员估计,在9个地点的鹿中,新冠病毒感染率在13.5-70%之间。在人口更密集的社区周围的四个地点,流行率最高。

 

基因组测序显示,2021年前几个月在俄亥俄州感染新冠肺炎患者中占主导地位的 B.1.2 病毒多次溢出到不同地点的鹿群中。B.1.2、B.1.582和B.1.596病毒株可能已经在鹿与鹿之间传播,使得病毒获得了刺突蛋白(包括受体结合域)和ORF1中的氨基酸替换,而这些在人类中是罕见的。

 

 

该研究通讯作者、俄亥俄州立大学兽医预防医学副教授Andrew Bowman说:“分析结果显示,人类把6种不同的毒株多次传染给了野生白尾鹿。我们的证据表明有六种不同的毒株引入了鹿群,而不是感染了单一毒株后传播开。”

 

 

Bowman认为,白尾鹿作为新冠病毒的宿主可能会导致两种结果。其一,新冠病毒可能会在白尾鹿体内发生变异,从而促进新变异毒株传播给包括人类在内的其他物种;其二,病毒可以在未发生变异的情况下在白尾鹿体内存活,同时继续在人类中进化,在某一时刻,当人类对感染鹿的病毒株没有免疫力时,这些变异毒株可能会传回给人类

 

对于最初的跨物种传播是如何发生的,该团队推测是白尾鹿通过环境途径感染,例如可能是喝了受人类污染的水,或是接触了人类的垃圾。因为新冠病毒可以通过粪口传播,也可以在废水中被检测到。

 

Bowman表示,白尾鹿能被新冠病毒长期感染的事实,意味着可能已经在人类之外建立了一个新的维持宿主。

 

据估计,仅美国俄亥俄州的白尾鹿数量就在60万只左右,而全美国大约有3000万只白尾鹿。

 

研究人员表示,还没有观察到白尾鹿将新冠病毒传播给人类的情况,但这些结果表明新冠病毒可以在美国野生动物间传播,有可能为其进化开辟新的途径。因此,迫切需要建立全面的“One Health”计划,以监测全球的鹿、环境和其他野生动物宿主。

End

参考资料:

[1]https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04353-x

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