OCC 2022:基层难治性高血压患者管理

2022-05-26 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

难治性高血压如何管理是个难题。

难治性高血压一直是基层管理慢病患者的一大挑战,有部分患者服用多种降压药后血压仍旧无法达标。它的准确定义是,在改善生活方式基础上应用了可耐受足够剂量且合理的3种降压药物(包括利尿剂)后,血压值仍难以达标或最少需要4种药物才能使血压达标,称之为难治性高血压。

但据研究显示:40岁以上高血压患者中,血压越高血管事件风险越大。无独有偶,王继光教授曾在比利时进修时完成的一项实验也表明:血压在降低5mmHg、10 mmHg、15 mmHg后,心血管事件风险也逐级下降,临床获益也越多。BPLTC研究结果也进一步显示:心血管疾病风险越高的患者,血压降幅越大,越能避免心血管不良事件的发生。

此外,去年阜外医院高血压中心登顶NEJM的STEP研究也表示:老年人强化降压治疗后(降到130 mmHg以下),4年随访期间主要心血管事件下降26%,次要研究重点均有不同程度的下降(卒中风险、ACS风险等等)。因此,即使血压难治也得“迎难而上”。

目前,临床上对于难治性高血压的治疗主要包括:生活方式改善及药物治疗。

  1. 矫治不良生活方式:包括减轻体质量、限盐、低脂饮食、增加体力活动(每天进行50%最大耗氧量强度的有氧运动至少30分钟)及心理调节等。据研究表明:老年难治性高血压与超重、糖尿病等基础疾病密切相关,超重的老年人更容易出现难治性高血压。
  2. 药物治疗:需要联合≥3种不同降压机制的药物(长效药物),以RAS抑制剂+钙拮抗剂+噻嗪类利尿剂为基础方案,联合其他的降压药物(α受体拮抗剂等),因难治性高血压是多种因素共同作用的结果,应采取综合疗法,可联合介入治疗及手术治疗等。

再者,临床上血压难控制并非都是难治性高血压,需仔细甄别外界干扰因素,以便更好的管理难治性高血压患者。

1.      假性难治性:

  • 白大衣高血压:白大衣效应。
  • 袖带过窄:对于过胖、过高、过矮的患者来说,使用标准袖带测量时会造成血压偏高或者偏低。

2.      对治疗不依从、不坚持

  • 药物依从性差:得到医生处方后拒不配药,或配药后一旦病情好转自行停药。
  • 生活方式未改善:依旧餐餐大鱼大肉,保持高脂、高热量因素习惯。

3. 药物相互作用:治疗其他疾病的药物干扰降压效果

  • 非甾体抗炎药(NSAIDS):包括COX-2抑制剂
  • 拟交感神经活性药物:麻黄素、抑制食欲药物
  • 毒品:可卡因、安非他命
  • 肾上腺激素类药物
  • 环孢素和他克莫司
  • 促红细胞生成素
  • 西布曲明

4. 继发性高血压

  • 肾实质性
  • 肾血管性
  • 肾上腺疾病

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    2022-05-28 zhaojie88
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    2022-05-28 freve
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    2022-05-26 zhongyuanjun

    难治性高血压管理很重要。

    0

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