中国胸外按压救人理念曾领先西方一千多年!阜外医院敖虎山等撰文

2020-05-18 xujing 中国循环杂志

阜外医院敖虎山等在J Cardiothorac Surg杂志发表文章回顾了我国心肺复苏的发展历史,并指出我国心肺复苏发展起步较早,中国最早的关于胸外心脏按压等复苏抢救的详细记载要早于西方约一千多年。

阜外医院敖虎山等在J Cardiothorac Surg杂志发表文章回顾了我国心肺复苏的发展历史,并指出我国心肺复苏发展起步较早,中国最早的关于胸外心脏按压等复苏抢救的详细记载要早于西方约一千多年。

 

但作者也指出,现在中国的心肺复苏学术发展和实施已经落后了。

 

作者介绍,我国心肺复苏已有2000多年的悠久历史,历代医书典籍均有记载和论述,积累了丰富的经验和独特的理论。

 

张仲景和华佗均提出:要胸外按压

 

医圣张仲景著有《金匮要略》,其中“救自缢死方”的急救过程涵盖了现代心肺复苏术的基本技术,尤其是其“形神并重”的急救理念,这在现代复苏中仍然是重要指导原则:既要保证心肺复苏,又要保护大脑功能。

  

 

 《金匮要略》中记载“救自缢死……徐徐抱解,不得截绳,上下安被卧之。一人以脚踏其两肩,手少挽其发,常弦弦勿纵之;一人以手按据胸上,数动之;一人摩捋臂胫屈伸之,若已僵,但渐渐强屈之,并按其腹。如此一炊顷,气从日出,呼吸眼开,而犹引按奠置,亦勿苦劳之。”

 

 

这是迄今世界上最早的关于胸外心脏按压等复苏抢救的详细记载,其时间早于西方约一千多年。

 

华佗在《华佗手札》中也有类似的描述。华佗介绍了心肺复苏的几个要点:1)患者应平卧位,2)打开气道,3)按压胸部,4)抬起手臂呼吸,5)腹部按压膈肌,辅助呼吸,6)持续上述步骤约30分钟。

 

晋朝葛洪:发明芦管吹气复苏法

 

晋朝葛洪在所著《肘后方》中记载了芦管吹气复苏法。这正是当今人工呼吸时的“口咽通气管”在古代的最早雏形,是葛洪的一大发明。

 

 

 

隋代:心肺复苏恢复呼吸和循环同样重要

 

《诸病源候论》 是巢元方所著(公元前610年),这是我国最早的病因病机证记载。 

 

 

本书的“白缢死候”中说,“以绳物系颈,自悬挂致死,呼为白缢。若觉早,虽已死,徐徐捧下,其阴阳经络虽暴壅闭,而脏腑真气故有未尽,所以犹可救疗。

 

 

提出了以下几点:(1)心脏复苏应尽早开始,(2)恢复呼吸和循环同样重要。

 

唐代:更新口咽部插管术

 

孙思邈在公元前651年写了《千金要方》。

 

 

《千金要方》中治自缢死方:强卧,以物塞二耳,竹筒内口中,使两人痛吹之,塞口傍无令气得出,半日死人即噫噫,即勿吹也。捣皂荚、细辛屑如胡豆大,吹两鼻中。患者恢复意识后,兰青汁灌之。在复苏的第四步中,灸四肢大节陷大指,日地神各七壮。

 

到了唐代,我国心肺复苏术有了进一步的改进:(1)针灸结合心肺复苏术;(2)更新了口咽吹气管的应用,将芦管换成竹管;(3)复苏时间由30 分钟延长到半天。

 

孙思邈的心肺复苏方法在借鉴以往经验的基础上,得到了补充和改进,但也有一些特殊之处,如“堵耳”等。

 

北宋:口对口人工呼吸

 

有一本书叫《中藏经》。根据最近的研究,该书应出自北宋年间,但作者不明。

 

在这本书中,作者提到,营救自缢者,除了用有强烈气味的东西刺激外,还必须亲人行口对口人工呼吸。

 

这是现代医学中口对口复苏的基础。

 

明代:平民就可熟练口对口吹气

 

到明代,心肺复苏技术不但得到的发展,而且还普及到了民间。

 

明代作家冯梦龙编写的《醒世恒言》一书中就有关于“口对口人工呼吸”的翔实记载。

 

 

《醒世恒言》中有一短篇《张廷秀逃生救父》,描述明代万历年间(1573~1619)的市井生活与民俗风情,内容梗概记述张廷秀之未婚妻王玉姐,因她父亲误听谗言胁逼解聘,玉姐不从,在绣阁上悬梁自尽后为家人发觉,王员外叫丫环取刀割断缢索抱其上床,使其母徐氏“嘴玉姐渐渐苏醒,还呜呜而哭”。

 

足见在约400年前,我国市井平民就已经能熟练应用口对口吹气等复苏方法来进行现场急救。

 

清朝:中国心肺复苏技术传播到日本

 

清朝时期,出版了不少急救专著,如胡其重的《急救危症简便验方》;叶廷荐的《救急备用经验汇方》;程鹏程的《急救广生集》等,书中不乏对各种危重症的复苏记述。

 

这个时期,中国的心肺复苏技术已经传播到日本等邻国,并被广泛接受。

 

目前:我国标准心肺复苏后生存率较低

 

通过回顾我国古代心肺复苏的历史,作者表示,经过一个多世纪的发展,我们在心肺复苏领域已经落后。

 

中国有2.3亿多心血管疾病患者,每年有55万人发生心脏骤停。中国院外心脏骤停的生存率不足1%,显著低于美国(达12%)。

 

由旁观者进行的早期心肺复苏和自动体外除颤器的使用对挽救心脏骤停患者至关重要。

 

然而,中国的旁观者心肺复苏实施率较低,全国大中城市为4.5%,北京为11.4%,上海为4.2%,美国为46.1%,加拿大为29%,瑞典为46%-73%,日本为32.2%,澳大利亚为21.2%,而且质量也较差,这就导致我国标准心肺复苏后生存率较低。

 

作者指出,目前心肺复苏术在医学院校和医院的实施率较高,但院外公众知晓率低,且没有法律支持,救援人员的权利就得不到法律的保护。

 

此外,心肺复苏培训的机构和形式多种多样,许多不规范的培训误导了公众。没有与国家标准统一规范的培训教材。而且大多数心肺复苏培训师都是兼职的,他们的临床责任压力太大,心肺复苏技能需要定期评估和更新。

 

因此,作者强调,在当前形势下,需要建立专业的心肺复苏培训机构,培养专职的心肺复苏培训师,普及心肺复苏技术。

 

来源:

[1]陈晓松.《古代心肺复苏术应用发展史》. 医学博物馆. 2016-07-19.

[2]Yu Y, Liu X, Wang LJ, Wang S, Ao H. History of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in ancient China: a narrative review. J Cardiothorac Surg.2020;15(1):50. Published 2020 Mar 23.

[3] Shao F, Li CS, Liang LR,et al. Outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in Beijing, China. Resuscitation. 2014, 85(11):1411-7. 

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    2021-02-06 wshxjq
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    2020-07-20 lisa446
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    2020-05-20 ay2006fy
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