刘育:左心耳封堵预防心房颤动患者卒中的研究进展

2017-01-10 刘育 365医学网

心房颤动(房颤)是临床上常见的心律失常。卒中是房颤患者危害最大的并发症,显著增加致残率和致死率。研究表明,左心耳是房颤患者血栓形成的重要部位,瓣膜性房颤患者约60%的血栓起源于左心耳,非瓣膜性房颤患者90%的血栓来自左心耳。经过十余年的快速发展,左心耳封堵术已成为房颤患者预防卒中的重要方法。一、左心耳与房颤卒中  左心耳是胚胎时期原始左心房的残余,呈狭长、弯曲的管状结构。窦性心律患者左心耳大多

心房颤动(房颤)是临床上常见的心律失常卒中是房颤患者危害最大的并发症,显著增加致残率和致死率。研究表明,左心耳是房颤患者血栓形成的重要部位,瓣膜性房颤患者约60%的血栓起源于左心耳,非瓣膜性房颤患者90%的血栓来自左心耳。经过十余年的快速发展,左心耳封堵术已成为房颤患者预防卒中的重要方法。

一、左心耳与房颤卒中

  左心耳是胚胎时期原始左心房的残余,呈狭长、弯曲的管状结构。窦性心律患者左心耳大多呈楔形,少数呈三角形。房颤患者左心耳常存在不同程度的扩大,且随左心耳不断增大,其充盈和排空速度逐渐降低,血栓形成的风险逐渐增加,提示左心耳的结构与功能变化呈线性负相关。房颤患者左心耳内的血栓形成过程包括自发性显像(spontaneous echo contrast,SEC)、泥浆样改变(sludge)和血栓(thrombosis)三个阶段。研究显示,房颤患者左心耳口部增大,呈球形或半球形变化,丧失有效的规律收缩运动,左心耳血流速度降低,排空功能下降,左心耳口部增大和血流速度降低是卒中的独立预测因子。研究还发现,左心耳收缩能力降低与房颤患者血栓形成有关,左心耳主动排空分数≤20%是房颤患者血栓形成的独立预测因子。此外,左心耳内的梳状肌及肌小梁凹凸不平,血流容易产生漩涡和流速减慢,也利于血栓形成。

  既往研究根据左心耳的解剖结构特征,将左心耳的形态分成 “鸡翼形”(chicken wing)、“风向袋形”(windsock)、“仙人掌形”(cactus)和“菜花形”(cauliflower)。四种左心耳形态中鸡翼形的比例最多,高达48%,其卒中/短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)的发生率最低。国内研究也显示,中国房颤患者左心耳约半数为“鸡翼形”,且非“鸡翼形”左心耳是房颤患者卒中的独立预测因子。Kimura等分析低CHADS2的非瓣膜性房颤患者的左心耳形态与卒中风险的相关性,发现 “菜花形”左心耳形态是卒中的独立预测因子。此外,研究还显示,左心耳形态与房颤患者无症状脑缺血负荷相关:“菜花形”左心耳患者无症状脑缺血负荷最高。因此,左心耳的形态与房颤卒中存在密切关系。

二、左心耳封堵预防房颤卒中的临床证据

  左心耳封堵预防房颤卒中2001年开始应用于临床,PLAATO、WATCHMAN和AMPLATZER Cardiac Plug (ACP)是使用较多的左心耳封堵装置。PLAATO左心耳封堵器以自膨胀的镍钛记忆合金笼为骨架,骨架上有数个锚状结构,封堵器表面覆盖聚四氟乙烯膜,是临床上最早使用的左心耳封堵装置。2001 年8月起,国外多家医学中心对脑卒中高危但存在长期口服华法林抗凝禁忌的非瓣膜性房颤患者植入PLAATO左心耳封堵装置,以预防血栓栓塞事件。2009 年Block 等报道了PLAATO封堵器植入术后随访5年的一项试验结果,结果显示脑卒中/短暂性脑缺血发作的实际发生率(3.8%/年)显著低于基于CHADS2 评分预测的发生率(6.6%/年)。目前,PLAATO 左心耳封堵器因为商业原因已经停产。WATCHMEN左心耳封堵器为自膨式镍钛合金结构,有多个固定倒钩,心房面覆盖聚四氟乙烯多孔渗透膜。PROTECT-AF研究初期显示,WATCHMEN封堵器预防脑卒中的有效性不劣于长期华法林抗凝治疗,但封堵组不良事件发生率较华法林组高。PROTECT-AF后续注册研究(CAP)提示,WATCHMEN 封堵器植入术的安全性随术者经验的积累明显提高。PREVAIL研究也证实,对于卒中高危的非瓣膜性房颤患者,WATCHMEN 封堵器预防脑卒中的有效性和安全性不劣于长期口服华法林抗凝治疗,且与PROTECT-AF试验相比,手术的安全性也明显改善。PROTECT-AF研究长期随访结果(平均随访3.8年)显示,WATCHMAN封堵器在卒中、体循环栓塞和心血管死亡的复合终点上优于华法林。更为重要的是,WATCHMAN封堵器在预防心血管性死亡和全因死亡的终点上优于华法林。PROTECT-AF研究还发现,植入WATCHMEN封堵器者生活质量改善情况较长期华法林抗凝治疗好。ASAP注册研究显示,对于口服抗凝药物有禁忌的患者植入WATCHMEN封堵器也是安全、有效的。最新公布的EWOLUTION研究显示,随着植入技术的进步,植入WATCHMEN封堵器的成功率逐渐增加,围术期并发症发生率呈降低趋势。ACP左心耳封堵器为双碟样结构,由远端的蝶形叶片(置于左心耳内)和近端的蝶形帽(封堵左心耳口部)的组成。早期的欧洲地区和亚太地区小样本临床研究提示植入ACP封堵器预防房颤患者血栓栓塞是安全、有效的。最近,22个中心参与,共入选1047例患者,平均随访13个月的ACP封堵器多中心临床试验结果证实,植入ACP封堵器显着降低非瓣膜性房颤患者的栓塞和出血风险。

三、左心耳封堵预防房颤卒中的患者选择

  2012年欧洲心脏病学会(ESC)房颤管理指南首次对左心耳封堵给予明确推荐:对于血栓栓塞风险高危但长期口服抗凝药物治疗存在禁忌的非瓣膜性房颤患者,可考虑行左心耳封堵术预防血栓栓塞事件(IIb类推荐)。 2014年,美国心脏协会(AHA)、美国心脏病学学会(ACC)和心律学会(HRS)联合发布的房颤管理指南虽未对左心耳预防血栓栓塞指南给予明确推荐意见,但全面回顾了左心耳封堵预防血栓栓塞的最新临床证据,说明左心耳封堵已经引起了专家组的重视。同年,加拿大心血管病学会(CCS)房颤管理指南中建议左心耳封堵可应用于卒中高危(CHADS2评分≥2分)且抗栓治疗存在禁忌的非瓣膜性房颤患者(有条件推荐,Conditional recommendation )。2014年,欧洲心律协会(EHRA)和欧洲经皮心血管介入协会(EAPCI)联合发布的经导管左心耳封堵治疗专家共识指出:对于存在口服抗凝治疗禁忌、抗凝治疗出血风险高危或拒绝长期口服抗凝药物治疗的非瓣膜性房颤患者,可考虑行左心耳封堵治疗。此外,对于适合长期口服抗凝药物治疗的非瓣膜性房颤患者,临床医生亦应向患者详细介绍左心耳封堵治疗的相关信息,在尊重患者意愿并充分评估手术获益/风险比的基础上,可考虑行左心耳封堵治疗。2014年,中华医学会心电生理和起搏分会、中华医学会心血管病学分会和中国医师协会心律学专业委员会联合发布的《左心耳干预预防心房颤动患者血栓栓塞事件:目前的认识和建议》指出,对于CHA2DS2-VASC 评分≥2且同时具有以下条件之一的非瓣膜性房颤患者,可行左心耳封堵治疗以预防血栓栓塞事件:①不适合长期口服抗凝药物治疗;②华法林抗凝治疗且国际标准化比值( INR) 达标的基础上仍发生卒中或栓塞事件;③抗凝治疗出血风险评分HAS-BLED 评分≥3。2015年,中华医学会心电生理和起搏分会、中国医师协会心律学专业委员会心房颤动防治专家工作委员会联合发布的《心房颤动:目前的认识和治疗建议—2015》也强调:对于CHA2DS2-VASC评分≥2且具有下列情况之一的非瓣膜性房颤患者,可行经皮左心耳封堵术预防血栓栓塞事件:①不适合长期规范抗凝治疗;②长期规范抗凝治疗的基础上仍发生脑卒中或栓塞事件;③HAS-BLED评分≥3(IIa类推荐)。最新的2016年ESC房颤管理指南推荐左心耳封堵可用于长期抗凝禁忌的患者(IIb类推荐)。

四、左心耳封堵预防房颤卒中的挑战

  左心耳封堵预防房颤卒中问世十余年来,随着使用经验的积累和器械技术的改进,其安全性和有效性已得到初步证实。然而,左心耳封堵作为一项新技术,仍面临着诸多挑战:①房颤患者卒中的机制。尽管心源性卒中为缺血性卒中的常见类型,但仅约占20%。因此,“局部”干预左心耳可能尚不足以有效预防房颤患者卒中的发生。②左心耳渗漏。理想的左心耳封堵治疗应当完全堵塞左心耳,但迄今为止,尚无一种左心耳封堵装置能完全避免左心耳渗漏的发生。PROTECT-AF试验显示,左心耳封堵后约1/3的患者存在不同程度的左心耳渗漏现象。尽管该研究提示左心耳渗漏未明显增加血栓栓塞风险,但目前普遍认为需更多临床研究明确左心耳渗漏是否增加卒中风险。③术后血栓形成和抗栓治疗策略。目前左心耳封堵术后抗栓药物选择及抗栓时程尚缺乏共识。近年来不断有研究报道左心耳封堵治疗后封堵器表面血栓形成,甚至发生在封堵器表面完全内皮化后。当前的观点主张WATCHMEN封堵器植入术后前45天口服抗凝药物,之后维持双联抗血小板治疗至术后6个月,最后口服阿司匹林终身抗栓治疗。若患者口服抗凝药物禁忌,则可使用氯吡格雷联合阿司匹林替代口服抗凝药物。而ACP封堵器植入术后常规行双联抗血小板治疗1-3个月,此后使用阿司匹林抗栓治疗。临床实践中可通过经食管超声心动图检查判断器械表面内皮化程度以及有无器械表面血栓、残余分流和左心耳残腔等情况,综合考虑术后抗栓治疗方案和时程。④新型口服抗凝药物。临床证据提示新型口服抗凝药物有效性和安全性优于华法林,但现有临床试验中同左心耳封堵作对比研究的抗凝药物主要为华法林,左心耳封堵治疗是否优于新型口服抗凝药物尚未明确。⑤长期有效性和安全性。目前左心耳封堵预防房颤卒中的临床证据多来自单中心、非随机对照研究,样本量较小且随访时间较短。此外,已有初步研究显示左心耳封堵后短期内对机体体液调节具有显著影响。因此,未来仍需更多高质量的临床研究来进一步证实左心耳封堵预防房颤卒中的有效性和安全性。

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    2017-01-17 jihuaijun1112

    学习了。。

    0

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    2017-01-12 jxrzshh
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    2017-01-12 sodoo
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    2017-01-11 1debbfffm06(暂无匿称)

    学习了,很好

    0

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    2017-01-10 三生有幸9135

    左心耳封堵术已成为房颤患者预防卒中的重要方法。

    0

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