肾动脉瘤的微创治疗新方法

2015-10-26 冯睿 庄郁峰 上海长海医院

肾动脉瘤发病率较低,但它仍然是比较常见的一种内脏动脉瘤。多数肾动脉瘤并无任何症状,少数可因瘤体压迫引起肾血管性高血压、血尿、肾梗死、腰腹酸痛等等。肾动脉瘤一旦破裂,将导致失血性休克,死亡率可高达80%。通过CT或磁共振血管造影、彩色超声等,很容易确诊此病。  近年来,由于影像学检查和诊断水平的提高,越来越多的肾动脉瘤被发现并最终聚集到我们这样的血管外科中心。此病尚无药物治疗方法,而传

肾动脉瘤发病率较低,但它仍然是比较常见的一种内脏动脉瘤。多数肾动脉瘤并无任何症状,少数可因瘤体压迫引起肾血管性高血压、血尿、肾梗死、腰腹酸痛等等。肾动脉瘤一旦破裂,将导致失血性休克,死亡率可高达80%。通过CT或磁共振血管造影、彩色超声等,很容易确诊此病。
 
近年来,由于影像学检查和诊断水平的提高,越来越多的肾动脉瘤被发现并最终聚集到我们这样的血管外科中心。此病尚无药物治疗方法,而传统的手术方式主要包括瘤体切除肾动脉重建、弹簧圈栓塞瘤体、带膜支架修复等。但是,肾动脉瘤一般都长在肾动脉的二级甚至三级分支之间,由于瘤体深入在肾包膜及肾门内部,上述的这些手术方法实际上都极难成功完成。比如,肾动脉位置深在,手术操作空间极小,解剖出来并重建血管极其困难,肾脏也容易因术中阻断血管、热缺血而丧失功能。又比如,肾动脉瘤的瘤口一般都相当宽大,单纯用普通游离弹簧圈来栓塞,会造成肾动脉分支的异位栓塞和肾梗死。再比如,用带膜支架修复肾动脉瘤,仅适用于极少数的肾动脉主干动脉瘤,对于分支处的动脉瘤来说,不仅会遮蔽分支,而且,由于带膜支架的输送系统还相当粗大,强行导入到肾动脉分支处,极易造成血管破裂、夹层和闭塞。

由于上述的问题,多年来,肾动脉瘤一直都是最难治的少数几种动脉瘤之一,即使在长海医院,往往也只能是随访观察,十几年来,我院成功治疗的肾动脉瘤只有寥寥数例,其中,最成功的一例是一个仅有一只肾脏的泌尿外科医生,他由于左肾动脉瘤破裂大出血而摘除了左肾,勉强保住了性命,但术后发现右肾也有一个动脉瘤。万般无奈之下,我们在景在平主任的带领下,会同泌尿外科,将其肾脏取出,在体外冰水中艰难修复后,再种回其体内。虽然全麻手术持续了一整天,但非常成功,肾脏功能幸运的保住了(论文 离体肾动脉瘤修补、肾动脉重建和自体肾移植治疗复杂性孤肾肾动脉瘤一例 发表于中华外科杂志 2007年第18期)。这样的手术做了两个,因为过于艰险没有再做下去。
   
随着腔内手术技术和器具的进步,从2013年底,我带领手术组,探索出了一种安全有效的微创腔内手术方式,通过多种裸支架辅助方式,采用可控弹簧圈来栓塞瘤体,既可达到瘤腔的完全血栓机化萎缩,又可完美保留所有分支动脉和全部的肾脏皮质功能。此手术对手术器具和术者的介入技术要求较高,但其不需对病人大动干戈,仅需局麻即可完成,术后2天出院,目前的病例均完全达到了预期的手术效果,所有患肾的功能均正常。承蒙全国同道的厚爱和肯定,一年多来,我在国内各类会议上介绍此新方法十余次,并指导上海、武汉、兰州、济南等地医院成功完成多例肾动脉瘤微创手术。

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    2015-10-28 vera_1203