Lancet:一文掌握甲状腺功能减退症的诊治

2017-04-14 寿司 医学界内分泌频道

近日,Lancet最新发布了一篇甲状腺功能减退症(简称甲减)综述,讨论了甲减的流行病学、病因和临床表现,总结了诊断,长期风险,治疗和管理的最新证据,并强调了未来研究方向。一、多种病因致病,原发性甲减最常见通过发病原因可将甲减分为原发性(甲状腺激素缺乏引起)、继发性(TSH缺乏引起)、三发性(促甲状腺激素释放激素缺乏引起)和外周(甲状腺外因素)。原发性甲减最常见,中枢性(包括继发性和三发性)和外周性

近日,Lancet最新发布了一篇甲状腺功能减退症(简称甲减)综述,讨论了甲减的流行病学、病因和临床表现,总结了诊断,长期风险,治疗和管理的最新证据,并强调了未来研究方向。

一、多种病因致病,原发性甲减最常见

通过发病原因可将甲减分为原发性(甲状腺激素缺乏引起)、继发性(TSH缺乏引起)、三发性(促甲状腺激素释放激素缺乏引起)和外周(甲状腺外因素)。

原发性甲减最常见,中枢性(包括继发性和三发性)和外周性罕见,不到1%。


(表1. 主要发病原因)

二、甲减为多系统表现,症状不同

甲减的主要症状和影响见下表:


(表2. 临床表现和意义)

甲减严重的临床表现——粘液水肿性昏迷可导致精神状态改变,体温过低,进行性嗜睡和心动过缓,最终可能导致多器官功能障碍综合征和死亡,因此早期应用甲状腺激素治疗等支持措施至关重要。

三、诊断标准是什么?仍饱受争议

原发性甲减是指TSH浓度高于参考范围(最常用的0.4~4.0 mIU / L),游离甲状腺素浓度低于参考范围。

甲减常常以甲状腺超声检查低回声为特征,即使甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体浓度没有升高。

目前关于参考范围仍有争议的声音,对于筛查方式也尚无定论。

五、治疗:左甲状腺素是首选

治疗方式——左甲状腺素固体制剂空腹服用。

最佳日剂量为每公斤体重1.5-1.8μg,建议在早餐前30-60分钟服用,而睡前服用(饭后2-3小时)可能会改善吸收,并增加依从性。

存在甲减临床特征并伴有生化证据是治疗开始的指征。

治疗开始后4-12周复查TSH,此后每6个月检查一次,一旦稳定,每年检查一次即可。

治疗方面的问题小贴士见下:

1. 明确治疗目标,切忌治疗过度或不足

治疗目标包括:TSH浓度正常、身体和精神状态正常。

目前约有35-60%的应用左旋甲状腺素的患者TSH未达到治疗目标,主要表现为:过度治疗(即医源性亚临床或明显甲状腺功能亢进)和治疗不足。

2. 多种因素阻碍治疗达标

阻碍患者达到治疗目标的因素包括:服用药物的剂量;与其他药物的相互影响;合并疾病降低左旋甲状腺素吸收;患者依从性差。

3. TSH控制良好不代表没有临床症状

约5-10%使用左旋甲状腺素治疗的甲减患者生化方面控制良好,但仍有持续症状,如抑郁症和心理健康受损。

甲减患者自身免疫性疾病患病率高于普通人群,左旋甲状腺单一疗法本身的缺陷都可引起这些症状。

4. 左甲状腺素+依托罗宁组合疗法仍有争议

尽管美国甲状腺协会和欧洲甲状腺协会的指导方针建议对甲减患者常规使用联合治疗,但关于症状持续患者的试验建议略有不同——

欧洲甲状腺协会认为,只有经过认证的内科医生或内分泌专家才能启动联合治疗,并且需要密切监测,如果没有改善应立即停止。

相比之下,美国甲状腺协会建议不要在正式研究和临床试验之外常规使用这种方式,主要因为目前还不确定它的获益和长期安全性。

原始出处:

Layal Chaker, Antonio C Bianco, Jacqueline Jonklaas, Robin P Peeters. Hypothyroidism. Lancet. 2017.

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    2018-02-15 howi
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    2017-04-18 cuiyejia

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

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    2017-04-16 克勤

    非常不错

    0

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    2017-04-16 186****0580(小山羊)

    学习了谢谢了。

    0

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    2017-04-15 绛珠草小姐

    谢谢分享,学习了

    0

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    2017-04-15 ylzr123

    感谢小编为我们精心准备了如此精辟的精神大餐,小编辛苦了!

    0

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    2017-04-15 qjzhai1623

    学习,收藏

    0

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    2017-04-14 Albert Wu

    甲减严重的临床表现——粘液水肿性昏迷可导致精神状态改变,体温过低,进行性嗜睡和心动过缓,最终可能导致多器官功能障碍综合征和死亡

    0

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    2017-04-14 幸运非偶然

    实用

    0

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