Cardiovasc Diabetol:在患有超重和肥胖的2型糖尿病患者中,脂肪和肌肉质量与心血管疾病危险因素的性别相关

2022-04-26 从医路漫漫 MedSci原创

低肌肉质量会加重胰岛素抵抗、糖化血红蛋白(A1C)、血脂异常、高血压、慢性肾衰、抑郁和HR-QOL,并预测10年内心血管疾病的发病率更高。

背景:在美国,在2017至2018年间,43.3%的中年(40-59岁)女性和46.4%的中年男性患有肥胖症,高达30%的社区居住的女性和50岁以上的男性患有骨质疏松症,这是一种与年龄相关的肌肉质量下降。肥胖和骨质疏松症的共存通常被称为骨质疏松症。国家健康和营养检查调查(NHANES)的数据显示,60岁以上的女性中有33.5%的人和男性中有12.6%的人患有纤维性肥胖症。2型糖尿病在美国成年人中也很普遍,影响12.0%的女性和14.0%的男性。2型糖尿病患者体内过多的脂肪,特别是当分布在腹部时,会导致心血管疾病(CVD)风险因素的聚集,包括胰岛素抵抗、葡萄糖不耐受、血脂异常、高血压、心肺功能低下、抑郁症和与健康相关的生活质量差。虽然保持高肌肉质量对于抵消高脂肪质量对心血管疾病风险因素的负面影响至关重要,但成年2型糖尿病患者出现加速的肌肉质量损失。低肌肉质量会加重胰岛素抵抗、糖化血红蛋白(A1C)、血脂异常、高血压、慢性肾衰、抑郁和HR-QOL,并预测10年内心血管疾病的发病率更高。在2型糖尿病中,心血管疾病占死亡的65%;糖尿病对心血管疾病死亡风险的影响女性大于男性。虽然高脂肪质量和低肌肉质量协同增加了2型糖尿病累积心血管事件(如中风、心肌梗死和死亡)的风险,但脂肪质量和肌肉质量如何同时影响心血管疾病危险因素仍不清楚。

脂肪质量、脂肪分布和肌肉质量在性别之间存在差异。男性的脂肪质量一般比女性低,但胰岛素抵抗、血糖和血脂浓度较高,部分原因是腹部脂肪分布较多。与男性相比,女性的绝对肌肉质量和体重调整肌肉质量通常较低,而患有2型糖尿病的女性肌肉质量下降的风险更高。生活方式干预,包括体育活动,在减少脂肪质量的同时保持肌肉质量。然而,先前的研究表明,同时出现高脂肪和低肌肉质量会减缓运动训练后一些心血管疾病危险因素的改善,如成年2型糖尿病患者的胰岛素抵抗、空腹血糖和甘油三酯。目前尚不清楚脂肪质量和肌肉质量对生活方式导致的2型糖尿病心血管疾病风险改善的影响是否具有性别特异性。多项研究表明,高脂肪质量和低肌肉质量独立地加剧了心血管疾病的风险。然而,在成人2型糖尿病患者中,高脂肪质量和低肌肉质量之间的相互作用对心血管疾病危险因素的影响鲜为人知。

目的:鉴于2型糖尿病患者身体成分和心血管疾病死亡风险的性别差异,有必要对身体成分和心血管疾病危险因素之间的关系进行性别调查,以了解女性和男性独特的身体成分是如何导致心血管疾病的。这项研究的主要目的是评估脂肪质量和肌肉质量如何同时预测女性和男性2型糖尿病患者的心血管危险因素。第二个目的是研究在对女性和男性2型糖尿病患者进行生活方式干预后,脂肪质量和肌肉质量如何同时预测心血管危险因素的变化。我们假设,无论性别,高脂肪质量和低肌肉质量将与更大的心血管疾病风险因素和更小的心血管疾病风险因素改善协同相关。

方法:采用双能X线骨密度仪(DXA)测量脂肪质量指数(FMI)和附件肌质量指数(ASMI),将受试者分为高脂肪与低脂肪和高肌肉与低肌肉两组。在基线和分别对女性和男性进行为期一年的强化生活方式干预(ILI)后,对心血管危险因素(即血红蛋白A1C[A1C];高密度脂蛋白胆固醇;低密度脂蛋白胆固醇;甘油三酯;收缩压和舒张压;心肺健康、抑郁和健康相关生活质量[HR-QOL])进行了双向协方差分析(ANCOVA:高ASMI与低FMI与高ASMI与低ASMI)。

结果:完成基线DXA的1369名参与者(62.7%为女性)的数据被分析。在女性中,基线时脂肪质量与肌肉质量交互作用对A1C有影响(p=0.016)。后分析显示,低空腹血糖指数组的A1C显著高于高空腹血糖指数组(60.3±14.1vs.55.5±13.5mmolm ol,p=0.023)。高胰岛素抵抗指数组与低胰岛素抵抗指数组比较差异无统计学意义(56.4±12.5vs.56.5±12.8mmoL/m ol,P=0.610)。在男性中,与基线时的低FMI相比,只有高FMI才与更高的A1C相关(57.1±14.4vs.54.2±12.0mmol.mol,p=0.008)。在ILI后,男性的HR-QOL的心理成分的变化存在显著的脂肪质量和肌肉质量交互作用。

图1基线时女性(左)和男性(右)糖化血红蛋白A1C浓度。在女性中,存在显著的FMI-by-ASMI交互作用(p=0.016)。后分析显示,在高空腹血糖指数组中,高ASMI组和低ASMI组之间没有显著差异(p=0.610),而在低空腹血糖指数组中,与高ASMI组相比,低ASMI组的A1C显著升高(p=0.023)。在男性中,高体重指数组的糖化血红蛋白水平高于低体重指数组(p=0.008)。

表1强化生活方式干预后女性心血管疾病危险因素的变化

表2强化生活方式干预后男性心血管疾病危险因素的变化

图2女性(左)和男性(右)强化生活方式干预后心理成分总分(MCS)的变化。在女性中,与不同身体成分表型相关的MCS评分变化没有差异。在男性中,睡眠呼吸暂停综合征对MCS评分的改变存在交互作用(p=0.003)。事后分析显示,与低ASMI组相比,高ASMI组的MCS评分增加更多。在低FMI组中,与高ASMI组相比,低ASMI组的MCS得分增加更多。

结论:考虑到A1C可以预测未来的心血管疾病,降低A1C的策略可能对患有2型糖尿病的低脂肪和低肌肉质量的女性尤为重要。我们的结果强调了脂肪质量和肌肉质量对心血管疾病危险因素和性别特异性方面的作用。

原文出处:Terada T,  Reed JL,  Vidal-Almela S,et al.Sex-specific associations of fat mass and muscle mass with cardiovascular disease risk factors in adults with type 2 diabetes living with overweight and obesity: secondary analysis of the Look AHEAD trial.Cardiovasc Diabetol 2022 Mar 15;21(1)

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    2022-09-19 docwu2019
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    2022-06-24 quxin068
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    2022-04-26 ms6000000489647764

    已阅读

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