Gastroenterology:切断癌症转移途径,关键在哪里?

2017-05-12 sunshine2015 来宝网

【癌症转移:缺氧意想不到的危险】在许多肿瘤中占优势的低氧浓度增加了其转移到其他组织的倾向。 Heiko Hermeking教授领导的慕尼黑路德维希 - 马克西米利安大学(LMU)的研究人员已经发现了将这两种现象联系起来的分子机制。许多积极生长的肿瘤血液供应不足,这限制了肿瘤内可用的氧气浓度,这种状况称为缺氧。肿瘤缺氧具有几个显著的后果:相对缺氧部分是由于这种实体肿瘤对辐射和化疗具有相对的抵抗力,同

在许多肿瘤中占优势的低氧浓度增加了其转移到其他组织的倾向。 Heiko Hermeking教授领导的慕尼黑路德维希 - 马克西米利安大学(LMU)的研究人员已经发现了将这两种现象联系起来的分子机制。

许多积极生长的肿瘤血液供应不足,这限制了肿瘤内可用的氧气浓度,这种状况称为缺氧。肿瘤缺氧具有几个显著的后果:相对缺氧部分是由于这种实体肿瘤对辐射和化疗具有相对的抵抗力,同时也促进了其他组织中卫星肿瘤的形成。现在由LMU教授Heiko Hermeking领导的研究人员已经剖析了负责肿瘤缺氧与转移之间关联的机制。他们的结果揭示了缺氧如何使得通常抑制肿瘤发生的短RNA分子的合成受到抑制的。这些新发现刊登在胃肠病学杂志上。
 
只有控制细胞增殖和行为的生化电路失活才能发展。这些安全保护机制由所谓的肿瘤抑制蛋白介导,其中一种称为p53。编码p53的基因在所有肿瘤的一半以上失活。在以前的研究中,Hermeking已经表明p53诱导了一种称为microRNA-34a(miR-34a)的短RNA的转录,其在肿瘤抑制中起着中心作用。 “我们观察到,在结肠癌患者中,miR-34a的基因在转移性肿瘤中非常频繁地失活,这往往以相对缺氧为特征,”Hermeking说。
 
他和他的同事现在已经表明,在其中p53功能受损的肿瘤细胞中,miR-34a表达的完全丧失是缺氧的直接后果。响应于低氧水平,肿瘤细胞触发缺氧诱导因子1a(HIF1a)的合成,这是直接抑制miR-34a转录的蛋白质。此外,微小RNA的这种下调是缺氧诱导的上皮 - 间质转化(EMT)的先决条件。在这个过程中,HIF1a激活一种遗传程序,导致非侵入性细胞(其在上皮细胞中以调节的方式生长)转化成侵入性迁移细胞,这可将其他地方的新肿瘤种植。 EMT在胚胎发育和器官发生以及伤口愈合中起重要作用,但必须严格控制。
 
参与编排EMT的蛋白质是PPP1R11。 Hermeking的研究小组发现,特别是高水平的蛋白质在形成侵袭性肿瘤前沿的细胞中合成,其中氧浓度预计将会特别低。另一方面,在正常细胞中,PPP1R11的产生被miR-34a直接抑制,因此被肿瘤抑制基因p53间接抑制。这确保细胞以协调的方式分裂并防止转移的形成。 Hermiking解释说:“调控拮抗作用可能是因为p53基因丢失导致转移性肿瘤细胞被选择,这个过程需要miR-34a的表达。
 
新的发现也具有治疗意义,因为他们建议转移结肠肿瘤可能会用抑制促进EMT的蛋白质功能的药物治疗。期望这种抑制剂也可以允许miR-34a表达的再活化。 Hermeking说:“事实上,临床试验中正在对miR-34a功能替代物的分子进行测试。这种miRNA作为药物靶点是特别有意义的,因为它参与许多调节过程的控制。例如,将miR-34a重新引入肿瘤细胞也激活患者的免疫系统以攻击肿瘤。 Hermeking的结果表明,缺氧性肿瘤可能对这种方法特别敏感。

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    2018-03-22 柳叶一刀
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    2017-06-06 cuiyejia

    学习了,谢谢

    0

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    2017-05-14 日月生辉

    要学的太多得每天来了

    0

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    2017-05-13 luominglian113

    涨知识了,抑癌基因p53失活,谢谢分享

    0

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“滴血测癌”固然不严谨,但是利用血液来开展与癌症相关的研究以及所获得的突破成果应该被肯定。近日,英国研究人员表示,利用ddPCR的方法检测患者血液中的雄激素受体基因拷贝数,可以判断前列腺癌患者对靶向治疗的反应,这种方法成本低,且临床门槛也比较低。

13万人大数据:长期服用阿司匹林减少癌症死亡

长期服用阿司匹林能降低几种主要癌症死亡率(图片来源:《Time》)我们都听过规律服用阿司匹林可以降低心脏病和中风的风险,现在这一益处又扩展到了降低某些癌症的死亡率。在近期举行的美国癌症研究协会(AACR)年会上,来自著名医院麻省总医院(Massachusetts General Hospital)和哈佛医学院(Harvard Medical School)的一项研究发现,规律服用阿司匹林可

Aliment Pharmacol Ther:长期口服核苷(酸)类似物治疗CHB不增加癌症风险

慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者需要使用核苷(酸)类似物(NA)进行长期抗病毒治疗。动物研究表明,一些NA会增加癌症风险,但是人类数据有限。2017年5月,发表在《Aliment Pharmacol Ther.》的一项全港队列研究表明,长期使用口服核苷(酸)类似物治疗CHB并不会增加癌症风险。

Ann Oncol:肌酸能否缓解癌症厌食/减重综合征

本项研究为多项试点研究,包括一项在结肠直肠癌患者中的研究,表明肌酸,一种氨基酸衍生物,可以增强肌肉,提高强度,从而缓解癌症厌食症/体重减轻综合征。

Nat Genet:启动子突变也会影响胰腺癌发生

在过去的十年时间里,科学家们通过对外显子进行测序在发现癌症驱动基因方面取得了显著进展。如果癌症是因基因突变累积而导致的疾病,我们就需要知道不同癌症类型中究竟存在哪些基因改变。在一项发表在国际学术期刊Nature Genetics上的研究中,来自冷泉港实验室的一支研究团队对癌细胞中除外显子之外其余98%的DNA进行了研究。他们收集了308名胰腺

Cancer:导致癌症发病率不断攀升的重要因素!

一项新的研究揭示了在美国,长期暴露于有害环境因素和癌症发病率之间的联系,特别是前列腺癌和乳腺癌,特别显示了与糟糕的环境质量有密切的联系。这一研究结果发表在美国癌症学会的同行评议杂志癌症早期在线版上,这一发现可能有助于减轻癌症的负担,因为它可以引起官员们识别需要关注的弱势群体。