J Cogn Neurosci:50年观察研究显示:幼儿早期主动学习可影响成年后大脑

2021-06-02 Viho MedSci原创

环境在塑造大脑发育中的作用是神经科学的核心问题,一个重要的悬而未决的问题涉及环境的独特人类特征的影响,即语言和认知刺激。

一名教师指导一名学生

幼年生活经历如何塑造人类大脑?这个问题难以回答,因为它涉及人类发展中个体差异的原因。对这种差异的研究通常是观察性的,因此对因果关系的主题保持沉默。相比之下,动物研究已经证明了环境刺激对大脑结构的因果影响,使用随机分配到低或高复杂性的物理环境。然而,它们无法告诉我们对人类发展最重要的环境特征:语言和认知刺激。

环境在塑造大脑发育中的作用是神经科学的核心问题,一个重要的悬而未决的问题涉及环境的独特人类特征的影响,即语言和认知刺激。大量动物文献表明,更复杂的笼子环境会导致微观和宏观的大脑变化,包括更大的皮质(Diamond2001 ),但此类操作为可能对人类发展最重要的环境差异提供了不完整的模型。其中包括复杂形式的认知和语言经验的差异。

 最近,来自美国弗吉尼亚理工大学研究学者发表在Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience上的研究发现了早期教育对大脑结构的持久影响。

该研究始于1970年,儿童主要 (98%) 来自 SES 极低(低收入和母亲教育)家庭的非裔美国婴儿,这些婴儿具有多种相关的风险因素,例如如父亲缺席、福利领取和父母智商低,但没有神经发育障碍。

研究共有78 名研究参与者(42 名干预组和 36 名对照组)。该干预措施是一项综合性的发展适当的认知和语言丰富计划,为实验组儿童创造积极和反应灵敏的托儿环境中,每周 5 天(6-8 小时),每年 50 周。

早期干预组和对照组均获得免费的强化铁婴儿配方奶粉(因为没有人进行母乳喂养),并配备了社会工作者,以促进他们5岁前获得免费或低成本的医疗保健,以及家庭社会服务。因此,结果差异不会归因于这些因素,并且两组都正确地将自己视为治疗组的一部分。

在随后的几十年里,参与者通过盲法评估他们在生活的各个重要领域的功能,包括认知、教育、社会情感、职业、经济和健康结果。认知通过智商和阅读和数学技能的学业成绩测试进行评估。

在后续检查中,对47名研究参与者进行大脑结构核磁共振扫描

扫描结果分析显示,早期教育干预组的参与者整个大脑体积增加,包括皮层男性大脑的干预治疗结果明显大于女性

 

早期干预和比较参与者脑区体积的均值和标准差

干预组与对照组受试者的大脑皮层体积的累积图(按性别)

该研究全球首次报告了幼生活经历的正常变化影响人类大脑结构具体来说,表明年轻人的认知和语言环境会影响宏观的大脑结构,早期生活经历通过其直接因果效应和连续因果链来塑造大脑结构干预效果存在明显的性别差异,对男性的影响更大

文章参考:Martha J. Farah et al, Randomized Manipulation of Early Cognitive Experience Impacts Adult Brain Structure, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (2021). DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01709

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    2021-06-04 lsndxfj
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    学习

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    2021-06-02 ms1531565637822789

    50年多少代人参与传承的研究,佩服

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    2021-06-02 wxl882001

    了解

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    2021-06-02 kulou0314

    学习学习

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