类风湿性关节炎的肺部影像学异常5例

2022-08-31 医学影像服务中心 医学影像服务中心

类风湿性关节炎(RA)是一种慢性炎症性疾病,通常对称地累及手足小关节。RA的关节外表现较常见,可发生于全身几乎所有器官。

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类风湿性关节炎(RA)是一种慢性炎症性疾病,通常对称地累及手足小关节。RA的关节外表现较常见,可发生于全身几乎所有器官。与RA相关的胸膜肺表现涉及肺实质、胸膜、气道和脉管系统。人们已经认识到RA患者的多种肺部影像学表现。

我们确定了5例肺部受累的RA患者,对其胸部X线检查和胸腔CT扫描结果进行了回顾分析,试图描述这类患者的胸膜积液、液气胸、乳糜胸、肺小结节性/大结节性/坏死结节性病变、胸膜斑、毛玻璃密度影和间质性肺病的影像学表现。

病例简介

图1

(患者1):年龄46岁,男性,因呼吸困难和咳嗽被收入院。该患者有5年的血清阳性RA病史,正在接受相应的免疫抑制治疗。胸部X线检查和胸腔CT扫描显示,双侧结节病灶,其中部分有空洞;脏层胸膜上有斑块;纵隔淋巴结增大和液气胸。胸腔积液的胆固醇水平极高(424 mg/ml),诊断为假性乳糜胸。

图2

(患者2):年龄45岁,男性,因严重慢性咳嗽而被收入院。该患者有3年的血清阳性RA病史,同样正在接受免疫抑制治疗。胸部X线检查显示,双侧胸腔积液。胸腔CT扫描显示,双侧胸腔积液、结节性病灶和坏死性结节性病灶,在结节性病灶周围可观察到毛玻璃密度影。

图3

(患者3):年龄56岁,女性,因咳嗽和发热而被收入院。与前2例患者不同的是,该患者此前无RA病史。最初对该患者按照肺炎给予左氧氟沙星治疗,但病情无好转。继而行胸腔CT扫描,结果显示双侧坏死性和结节性病灶,其中部分有空洞。进一步询问详细病史,该患者表示有关节炎症状,并且肘部有类风湿性皮肤病变。血清类风湿因子水平达467 IU/ml。根据临床、影响学和实验室检查结果,考虑为RA累及肺部。经过免疫抑制治疗,该患者的症状有所好转。

图4

(患者4):年龄80岁,男性,因劳力性呼吸困难而被收入院。该患者有55年的血清阳性RA病史,血清类风湿因子水平为2,110 mg/dl。该患者也在接受免疫抑制治疗,胸部X线检查显示肺下部网状结节和不规则线性混浊。肺部HRCT影像显示肺底膈膜蜂窝状和增厚。

图5

(患者5):年龄55岁,女性,因慢性咳嗽和呼吸困难而被收入院。该患者有8年的血清阳性RA病史,正在接受免疫抑制治疗。胸部X线检查和CT影像显示,非特异型间质性肺炎伴网状结节和不规则线性混浊。

在这5例患者中,肺部结节是最常见的RA影像学表现,其中第3例患者,肺部结节还是RA的首发症状。2例患者有肺部坏死性结节,2例患者有胸膜斑。2例患者有胸腔积液,其中1例为液气胸。2例患者有间质性肺炎,其中1例为普通的间质性肺炎,而另1例为非特异性间质性肺炎。

讨论

在RA患者中,肺部风湿性结节的发生率不足1%,约0.2%的RA患者在X线检查中发现肺部结节,而CT扫描可使检出率提高至22%。结节可为单个,也可为多个,大小从0.5 mm至7 cm不等。结节位于肺的中上部,多见于肺边缘和胸膜区域。发生肺部结节的机制是脉管炎和免疫复合物沉积。结节可以自发消退。可能在出现关节炎症状之前就发生结节,对于这类患者,需要仔细鉴别肺部结节相关疾病并考虑到RA的可能性。

一些肺部结节可能出现中央坏死,呈空洞状,被称为风湿性坏死性结节。最多可有50%的结节呈空洞状,即有肺部坏死性结节的RA患者不超过0.5%。风湿性坏死性结节的中央为嗜酸性纤维蛋白样坏死,周围被栅栏样成纤维细胞包裹如果位于肺边缘。位于肺边缘的坏死性结节可能破裂,坏死性物质会进入毗邻的胸膜区域,与胸腔积液、气胸或脓气胸有关。

RA患者的胸膜受累可表现为胸腔积液、胸膜增厚或胸膜斑,以及气胸。液气胸是由坏死性结节破裂引起的。尽管据估计发病率低于5%,但20%的RA患者有胸膜疾病相关症状,尸检报告显示40%~75%的患者有胸膜受累。目前认为男性是胸膜受累的最强危险因素,发病高峰为40~60岁。胸膜积液可以为双侧,常常在胸部X线片上即可观察到。至多可有70%的患者为无症状的胸膜积液,而症状性积液的发生率为5%。

根据文献报告,RA相关性间质性肺病的发病率波动较大,主要取决于检查方法和受检人群。最初报告的流行率为1.6%~5%,而之后采用HRCT显示发病率可高达63%。不过,临床显著的间质性肺病较少见,发病率约为10%。RA相关性间质性肺病的主要病理类型为普通型间质性肺炎(UIP)、非特异型间质性肺炎(NSIP)、迁延性肺炎和弥漫性肺泡损伤。尽管结缔组织病以NSIP最多见,但RA患者以普通型间质性肺炎最常见。

RA的肺部表现还包括细支气管疾病,例如滤泡性细支气管炎和缩窄性细支气管炎。这类疾病通常见于类风湿因子阳性、有活动性关节病的患者。典型症状是呼吸困难和干咳。尽管胸部X线片往往无异常,但CT扫描可能显示出空气滞留、小结节状混浊(滤泡性细支气管炎和闭塞性细支气管炎),低衰减的补丁区域(闭塞性细支气管炎),支气管周增厚(滤泡性细支气管炎和闭塞性细支气管炎)。

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    2022-09-01 循证小兵

    #类风湿性关节炎#的肺部#影像#学异常,是不是因为伴发了#特异性肺病##间质性肺炎#??

    0

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    2021-11-07 lmm397
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