被福奇拿在手中的这篇Cell文章讲了什么?首次新冠病毒T细胞免疫反应的报道

2020-08-14 生物探索 生物探索

在7月31日的美国国会听证会上,国家过敏和传染病研究所(NIAID)主任福奇在会议过程中举起了一份打印的文稿。从图中我们可以看到这是一篇Cell杂志发表的文章。用Cell编辑的话来说,这是Cell论文

在7月31日的美国国会听证会上,国家过敏和传染病研究所(NIAID)主任福奇在会议过程中举起了一份打印的文稿。从图中我们可以看到这是一篇Cell杂志发表的文章。用Cell编辑的话来说,这是Cell论文第一次进入国会记录,并且是出现在如此让人敬佩的人的手中,“it’s definitely very cool”。

那么这篇题为“Targets of T Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus in Humans with COVID-19 Disease and Unexposed Individuals”的文章为何会出现在福奇手中呢?因为这篇文章首次详细分析了新冠病毒的免疫反应,尤其是T细胞。发现新冠病毒感染能够有效诱导CD4 T细胞和CD8 T细胞的免疫反应,能够在急性感染期清除病毒,还能使一些T细胞和B细胞分化成长效记忆细胞。研究结果填补了免疫系统能否对新冠病毒产生实质性和持久性反应的知识空白,为疫苗开发和中和抗体研究提供了理论支持。

研究人员在20名COVID-19康复者中发现良好的抗病毒免疫反应,结果表明人体免疫系统能够以多种方式识别新冠病毒。100%的康复者中有稳定的CD4 T细胞(即辅助性T细胞)反应,这有助于抗体的产生;70%的康复者中产生病毒特异性CD8 T细胞(即杀伤性T细胞),能够清除受到病毒感染的细胞。CD4 T细胞对刺突蛋白S的反应正是多数疫苗或中和抗体的靶点,并且反应的强烈程度与抗新冠病毒的IgG和IgA抗体滴度有关。CD4 T细胞还可以识别M、N、nsp3、nsp4、ORF3a和ORF8等蛋白。CD8 T细胞能够识别S和M蛋白,靶向8个病毒的ORF。

多数中和抗体的保护性都依赖于CD4 T细胞的辅助作用,研究人员检测了S蛋白特异性的CD4 T细胞反应,以评估反应强弱是否与康复者的抗体水平相关。结果发现,T细胞反应与抗RBD的IgG抗体、抗S蛋白的IgA抗体滴度显著相关。将康复者的免疫细胞暴露在病毒多肽中,能够检测到S蛋白特异性CD4 T细胞反应。RBD或S蛋白是目前大多数中和抗体的靶点,研究结果有利于新冠病毒中和抗体的筛选。

本研究还有一个有趣的发现,存在低致病性冠状病毒与新冠病毒之间的T细胞识别的交叉反应。在2015年至2018年收集的样品中,有40%-60%检测到了新冠病毒特异性的CD4 T细胞反应。这些样品没有接触过新冠病毒,但是至少接触过4种其他能够引起感冒的冠状病毒(即HCoV-OC43、HCoV-229E、HCoV-NL63和HCoV-HKU1)中的某种。

研究人员对这一发现进行了深入的研究,结果发表在最新一期的Science杂志上。结果证实识别普通感冒冠状病毒的记忆辅助性T细胞能够识别新冠病毒上的靶点,使得未接触过新冠的人产生记忆T细胞。这可能是对一些人感染新冠后症状较轻或无症状的解释,也为开发广谱性的疫苗或中和抗体提供了理论支持。

面对新冠病毒的肆虐,科学家们在竭尽全力的研究候选疫苗,发现更多有效的中和抗体。随着免疫系统对新冠病毒反应机制了解的深入,多种T细胞表位的发现,也将为中和抗体及疫苗的筛选提供更多靶点选择。那么新冠病毒中和抗体有哪些新进展呢?在体外活性检测中应该选择哪种技术呢?又有哪些难点呢?为此,8月18日19:30北京义翘神州推出“中和抗体体外活性检测”主题课程,欢迎大家前来围观!

原始出处:

Alba Grifoni, et al. Targets of T Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus in Humans with COVID-19 Disease and Unexposed Individuals. Cell. May 14, 2020

Jose Mateus et al. Selective and cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes in unexposed humans. Science, 2020

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    2020-09-19 爆笑小医
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    2020-08-14 公卫新人

    新冠肺炎,疫情何时才能消失

    0

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