ACS NANO:突破血脑屏障,纳米颗粒携带抑制剂激活免疫系统,智取脑肿瘤,还能防复发

2022-06-02 甲遇庚 “生物世界”公众号

限制了各种 GBM 传统和新型疗法的有效性。在过去的几十年里,针对胶质母细胞瘤(GBM)的治疗效果几乎没有取得什么突破性进展,患者5年生存率仅为5%左右。

胶质母细胞瘤(GBM)是最具侵袭性原发性脑肿瘤(之一),其病理机制也是脑胶质瘤中最复杂的,这使得治疗极具挑战性。GBM 的特点是细胞和分子异质性高、增殖能力和侵袭性强。GBM 细胞会浸润到正常脑组织中,使其难以被诊断,难以完全切除,且易复发。此外,肿瘤微环境(TME)内的免疫抑制性细胞会使免疫疗法无法发挥作用;而血脑屏障(BBB) 的存在又为治疗性药物递送到大脑造成了物理和生化屏障。因此,限制了各种 GBM 传统和新型疗法的有效性。在过去的几十年里,针对胶质母细胞瘤(GBM)的治疗效果几乎没有取得什么突破性进展,患者5年生存率仅为5%左右。

2022年5月26日,密歇根大学医学院神经外科 Maria G. Castro 教授和 Pedro R. Lowenstein 教授等人在 ACS NANO 期刊发表了题为:Systemic Delivery of an Adjuvant CXCR4–CXCL12 Signaling Inhibitor Encapsulated in Synthetic Protein Nanoparticles for Glioma Immunotherapy 的研究论文。

该研究开发了一种生物相容性纳米颗粒,能够突破血脑屏障,向胶质母细胞瘤成功递送 CXCR4抑制剂,从而激活免疫系统对抗脑肿瘤。此外,该过程还触发了免疫记忆,能够清除重新引入的脑肿瘤。这表明该方法不仅可以治疗脑肿瘤,还可以预防或延缓复发。

先前的研究发现,CXCL12/CXCR4 信号通路的激活与 GBM 中的细胞增殖、迁移、侵袭、血管生成和放疗耐药性密切相关。该通路在缺氧条件下会明显上调,这一特征与 GBM 的预后恶化有关。

AMD3100((plerixafor,中文名:普乐沙福)是一种 CXCR4 抑制剂。它作为免疫调节剂来调节肿瘤微环境中的免疫反应,并与其他疗法协同作用,为包括 HIV-1 感染、肿瘤发展、非霍奇金淋巴瘤、多发性骨髓瘤等难治性疾病的潜在疗法开辟了途径。AMD3100 也被认为是一种有希望的 GBM 治疗药物,可以促进有效的免疫反应。

这项最新研究发现,CXCR12 是 GBM 细胞释放的一种细胞因子,它在免疫系统周围建立了一个屏障,以防止其受到攻击。而 AMD3100 可以阻断 CXCR12 的屏障作用。该药物阻止了 GBM 小鼠模型中 CXCR12 与免疫抑制性骨髓细胞结合。通过解除这些细胞的屏障,免疫系统可以恢复对肿瘤细胞的攻击。

然而,AMD3100 在进入肿瘤时遇到了困难。因为神经胶质瘤会导致血管异常,干扰正常血流,使药代动力学非常差,并且无法穿越血脑屏障(BBB)。

因此,这一药物如何进入大脑成为一个关键问题。

在这项新研究中,研究团队开发了具有生物相容性的纳米颗粒,它包含聚合人血清白蛋白(HSA) 和低聚乙二醇(OEG),由于涂有肿瘤穿膜肽 iRGD,使其可以在全身递送后靶向 GBM 中的 CXCL2/CXCR4 通路。

在体外实验中,研究团队使用装载 CXCR4 抑制剂 AMD3100 的纳米颗粒在侵袭性颅内 GBM 模型中阻断了 CXCR4 信号传导,导致骨髓源性抑制细胞(MDSC) 跨内皮迁移减少,从而削弱了 CXCR4 与单核细胞骨髓源性抑制细胞(M-MDSC)对肿瘤免疫微环境的浸润。

在小鼠模型实验中,研究团队将这种纳米颗粒注射到小鼠 GBM 肿瘤中。纳米颗粒表面的肿瘤穿膜肽 iRGD 与一种主要存在于 GBM 细胞上的蛋白质结合。当纳米颗粒通过血液到达肿瘤时会在目标处释放 AMD3100 ,恢复了血管完整性,并阻止骨髓源性抑制细胞进入肿瘤,从而使免疫系统可以消灭肿瘤并延缓其发展。

该研究通讯作者、Maria Castro 教授表示,迄今为止,还没有人能将这种分子送入大脑。这可以说是一个巨大的里程碑。要知道,在过去30年里,胶质瘤患者的治疗结果一直没有得到改善,治疗药物无法通过血液进入大脑,这使导致胶质瘤难以治疗的重要原因。但 AMD3100 使血管恢复正常,给了纳米颗粒抵达脑肿瘤的机会。


在体外小鼠和人类患者细胞系中的进一步研究表明,阻断 CXCR4 可以使 GBM 细胞对放疗诱导的免疫原性细胞死亡(ICD)敏感,从而引发抗 GBM 适应性免疫反应。

该研究还证实,将 AMD3100 纳米颗粒与放疗结合,可以增强单一纳米颗粒或放射治疗的效果。

最后,研究团队在肿瘤被清除的小鼠中重新引入了肿瘤,以模拟复发情况。他们发现,在没有任何额外治疗的情况下,60%小鼠的肿瘤没有复发。就如同疫苗一样, AMD3100 成功启动了免疫记忆反应,使免疫系统能够识别并摧毁重新引入的肿瘤。

该研究通讯作者、Maria Castro 教授表示,胶质瘤总会复发,对于治疗来说,免疫记忆非常重要。

此外,初步测试显示,治疗对小鼠的肝脏、肾脏或心脏功能几乎没有影响,血液计数正常。这种新型纳米颗粒与之前在人体中测试过并被证明是安全的纳米颗粒的安全性相似。

研究团队表示,鉴于能有效诱导免疫原性细胞死亡和重新编程的肿瘤微环境,这种由纳米颗粒介导的治疗策略具有显著的临床转化适用性。当然,在进入人体临床试验之前,还需要进行更多的安全性测试。

 

论文链接:

https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c07492

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    2022-07-08 jklm09
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1852988, encodeId=59aa185298898, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f0a254918f0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抑制剂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54918, encryptionId=f0a254918f0, topicName=抑制剂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=44a360, createdName=jklm09, createdTime=Fri Jul 08 11:29:43 CST 2022, time=2022-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1224162, encodeId=b1eb122416264, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Thu Jun 02 22:39:47 CST 2022, time=2022-06-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1224158, encodeId=754812241589a, content=不错,学习了。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=4dfa6526517, createdName=ms5000000644045955, createdTime=Thu Jun 02 21:57:42 CST 2022, time=2022-06-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1262392, encodeId=6ea6126239248, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ff3c89946de' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#血脑屏障#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=89946, encryptionId=ff3c89946de, topicName=血脑屏障)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=68b666, createdName=zhangying8788, createdTime=Wed Jun 01 08:29:43 CST 2022, time=2022-06-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1279380, encodeId=63d612e9380c3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=316d1882bc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ACS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=1882, encryptionId=316d1882bc, topicName=ACS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=102a153, createdName=yaanren, createdTime=Wed Jun 01 08:29:43 CST 2022, time=2022-06-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1323430, encodeId=5e6d1323430e8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d8d5e7476de' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#纳米颗粒#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77476, encryptionId=d8d5e7476de, topicName=纳米颗粒)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/WQ1WyMBGic8d2fKdCe6Cm3vaRh4X8YnlumYndC46iagNCBl9Df8RtoCaQchnFtZldHUctGJjsgsyutUlu8vPq6yQ/132, createdBy=97862500016, createdName=ms3117646317107274, createdTime=Wed Jun 01 08:29:43 CST 2022, time=2022-06-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1418054, encodeId=f80b141805438, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6ba485016cd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脑肿瘤#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85016, encryptionId=6ba485016cd, topicName=脑肿瘤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=76f03326658, createdName=839640779, createdTime=Wed Jun 01 08:29:43 CST 2022, time=2022-06-01, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-06-02 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

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    2022-06-02 ms5000000644045955

    不错,学习了。

    0

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    2022-06-01 yaanren
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