关节镜下改良弹性固定Latarjet术治疗一例慢性锁定性肩关节前脱位

2019-01-28 黄刚 中国修复重建外科杂志

慢性锁定性肩关节前脱位是指肩关节前脱位3周后未复位或无法复位者,可能导致肩部肌肉进行性萎缩和肩部活动范围受限,以及继发严重血管和神经损伤。由于锁定的脱位关节与周围组织粘连严重,复位困难,通常采用切开复位或关节置换治疗,目前未见采用全关节镜下治疗成功的病例报道。2016年7月,我们采用关节镜下改良弹性固定Latarjet术治疗1例慢性锁定性肩关节前脱位患者,获得满意效果。报告如下。

慢性锁定性肩关节前脱位是指肩关节前脱位3周后未复位或无法复位者,可能导致肩部肌肉进行性萎缩和肩部活动范围受限,以及继发严重血管和神经损伤。由于锁定的脱位关节与周围组织粘连严重,复位困难,通常采用切开复位或关节置换治疗,目前未见采用全关节镜下治疗成功的病例报道。2016年7月,我们采用关节镜下改良弹性固定Latarjet术治疗1例慢性锁定性肩关节前脱位患者,获得满意效果。报告如下。

病例介绍

患者 男,49岁。因摔伤致右肩疼痛、畸形并活动受限8周入院。伤后曾于外院行肩关节复位3次,均未成功。入院检查:右肩呈方肩畸形,肩关节周围肌肉萎缩,Dugas征(+),主、被动活动明显受限,无神经、血管损伤迹象。美国肩肘外科协会(ASES)评分、肩关节功能Constant-Murley评分及关节活动度见表1。疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)8分。X线片、CT及MRI检查示右肩关节锁定性前脱位、肩袖损伤、Hill-Sachs损伤。术前诊断:右肩关节慢性锁定性前脱位伴肩袖损伤。

入院后尝试臂丛阻滞麻醉下Kocher法复位,仍未成功,改行关节镜手术。全麻下,患者取沙滩椅位,再次手法复位不成功。经前外侧入路及冈上肌入路进入脱位肩关节,镜下见肱骨头固定于关节盂前下方,周围粘连紧密,肱骨头不能活动。按照以下顺序进行肱骨头周围组织松解:二头肌腱长头切断、肩袖间隙清除、肩胛下肌腱周围松解、前、前下及下方关节盂与关节囊组织松解、广泛分离肱三头肌止点纤维,各方向松解以可见肌肉组织为限。松解完成后,肱骨头能回至关节盂中心,但前方软组织损伤及退变严重、Hill-Sachs损伤,行改良双袢法弹性固定Latarjet术及肩袖修复、Remplissage术。术中未缝合关节囊。

术后肩关节外展30°、外旋0°支具固定,行手、腕和肘关节主动活动;2周后开始肩关节被动钟摆锻炼;6周后去除支具,在医师指导下进行主动康复训练;3个月开始恢复全范围活动。术后6个月内避免肱二头肌主动高强度锻炼。

术后切口Ⅰ期愈合,无重要血管及神经损伤等并发症发生。患者获随访24个月。术后X线片复查示盂肱关节恢复正常对位关系,无脱位复发。右肩关节功能恢复正常,主被动前屈、外展、体侧外旋、内旋角度以及肩关节功能评分均较术前明显改善,详见表1及图1。患者恢复原工作,对疗效满意。





讨论

Latarjet术治疗肩关节脱位复发率低,但由于传统方法固定螺钉所产生的并发症,使其应用受到限制。Boileau等首先报道采用双袢方法于关节镜下行Latarjet术,疗效与传统螺钉法相同,但并发症明显减少。2014年以来,我们对关节镜下双袢固定Latarjet术进一步改良,并临床应用治疗130例【什么】患者,其中3例为急性锁定性肩关节脱位。我们体会该术式操作简便、手术器械简单,转位的喙突骨块定位准确、愈合率高,且减少了大部分关节镜手术入路【?】,明显降低了Latarjet术潜在的神经损伤风险。为此,我们首次尝试采用该术式治疗慢性锁定性肩关节前脱位。

经本例患者治疗,我们认为关节镜下改良双袢固定Latarjet术治疗慢性锁定性肩关节前脱位应注意以下事项。①软组织松解:关节盂周围组织广泛松解是手术关键。慢性肩关节锁定脱位者关节囊和周围组织广泛挛缩,甚至无法将镜头从后方入路插入关节。我们采用陆振飞等的关节镜下松解重度冻结肩方法,从前外侧入路及经冈上肌入路进入脱位肩关节,清理肩袖间隙,切断肱二头肌长头腱,再引导建立后方入路。由于肱骨头嵌插在肩胛下肌腱与关节盂之间,松解肩胛下肌腱后方的瘢痕非常重要,在松解肩胛下肌腱前方等软组织时,还需防止腋神经损伤。前方松解完成后肱骨头往往无法复位,分析与下方关节囊和肱三头肌肩胛盂止点挛缩有关,这也可能是闭合复位、甚至切开复位难以成功的主要原因之一。术中可在直视下用射频广泛松解关节囊和其下方的肱三头肌止点,直至肌肉组织显露。关节盂后方关节囊也必须松解。上述松解步骤完成后,通常肱骨头能完全复位。

②改良镜下双袢固定Latarjet术操作要点:由于肩关节长时间处于脱位状态,肩胛下肌腱、肱骨头周围及喙突周围有大量瘢痕、肉芽增生,小切口取喙突时注意是否有腋神经、肌皮神经等解剖位置变化。仔细分离联合腱的蒂部,长度必须超过5CM,以免因肩胛下肌水肿及周围组织增生使喙突移位时张力过大。前下方关节盂新鲜化要足够,以确保骨块有较好的愈合骨床。肩胛下肌腱劈开时,要注意腋神经的位置是否变化,防止损伤。另外,有研究表明,缝合关节囊与否对术后骨块愈合和临床效果无明显影响。而且,在我们多例的二次探查病例中发现,关节囊全部生长良好、完整覆盖,我们认为,只要保留部分关节囊,术后会很好的爬行重建。

③康复要点:术后肩关节外旋0°固定6周,之后开始循序渐进地进行活动度锻炼,6个月内避免肱二头肌负重锻炼。

综上述,采用关节镜下改良弹性固定Latarjet术用于治疗慢性锁定性肩关节前脱位可行,但因仅临床应用1例,其有效性有待累积更多病例证实。

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    2019-01-30 xzw114
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    2019-01-30 bbjsj_1981
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    2019-01-29 lietome2

    好文,值得点赞!认真学习,应用于实践!谢谢分享给广大同好!

    0

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