糖尿病的精准医学:精彩研究和病例盘点

2018-10-21 Heath Brothers 医咖会

说到糖尿病的精准治疗,其中单基因糖尿病,算是精准治疗的一个典范,但是2型糖尿病,就不像单基因糖尿病那样容易啦。今天要跟大家分享的内容,是今年ADA关于精准医学的一个重要演讲:Bench to Bedside-Precision medicine for diabetes【A Clinician's Perspective】。另外随着对糖尿病的深入了解,最近有一些针对需要对糖尿病重新进行分类的声

说到糖尿病的精准治疗,其中单基因糖尿病,算是精准治疗的一个典范,但是2型糖尿病,就不像单基因糖尿病那样容易啦。今天要跟大家分享的内容,是今年ADA关于精准医学的一个重要演讲:Bench to Bedside-Precision medicine for diabetes【A Clinician's Perspective】。

另外随着对糖尿病的深入了解,最近有一些针对需要对糖尿病重新进行分类的声音【僻如:以β细胞为中心的糖尿病新分类模式 Diabetes Care. 2016 Feb;39(2):179-86】,认为各种糖尿病表型之间存在重叠以及种类之间存在较大的异质性。

因为分类本身就没有客观准确的标准,所有的分类都是主观的,基于某种目的,正如著名的丑小鸭定理所表达的【丑小鸭和天鹅之间的相似度,和两只天鹅之间的相似度,是一样的。或者说丑小鸭跟天鹅之间的差异,和两只天鹅之间的差异一样大】。所以没有哪一种分类方案是理想的,有些分类更适合研究,有些分类更适合临床治疗。对于临床医生,分类如果对于治疗,预后没有帮助,那么也没有实际意义,最后的下场可能就是:嗯,你们说的都对,然后,就没有然后了。。。

回到前面提到的这个精准医学的演讲,演讲中先分别讲述了近年来关于精准医学的两大研究。

一篇是今年5月份发表在Lancet上的一篇关于糖尿病新分类的文章;

另一篇是今年4月份发表在Diabetes care上的一篇关于糖尿病的精准治疗的文章。

其实这两个主题的内容均已在2017年EASD上进行了汇报,这两篇文章只是对汇报内容整理成文了。

接下来作者又分别介绍了糖尿病的精准医学:

糖尿病的药物基因组学

单基因糖尿病和精准医学

糖尿病的精准成像

糖尿病的精准代谢模型

糖尿病的精准模拟

最后作者列举了五个简单病例,对糖尿病的精准医学作了进一步阐述。

PART1

第一篇是今天五月份发表在Lancet上的研究【Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018 May;6(5):361-369】,这篇研究将糖尿病通过不同变量【GAD抗体,BMI,诊断时年龄,HbA1C,HOMA-β功能,HOMA-IR】,分成五个亚组,并且分别观察了:需要用药的时间,治疗达标所需的时间,糖尿病并发症,基因相关性。

糖尿病的五种分类

1.自身免疫性糖尿病 (Severe Autoimmune Diabetes)

与经典的1型糖尿病大体相同起病早,BMI相对较低,代谢控制差,胰岛素缺乏,GADA阳性。

2. 胰岛素缺乏型糖尿病 (Severe Insulin Deficient Diabetes)

GADA阴性,其它与SAID类似:BMI相对较低,胰岛素分泌水平低(HOMA2-B低),代谢控制差。

3. 胰岛素抵抗型糖尿病 (Severe Insulin Resistant Diabetes)

胰岛素抵抗(HOMA2-IR高)和高BMI,患者发生肾病的风险最高。

4. 肥胖相关的糖尿病 (Mild Obese Diabetes)

肥胖,不具明显胰岛素抵抗,主要见于体重超重的人群,与第三组相比,新陈代谢更接近正常。

5. 年龄相关性糖尿病 (Mild Age-Related Diabetes)

年龄相对较大,与第4组类似,仅有轻度代谢紊乱。

PART2

第2篇是今年四月份发表在Diabetes care上的文章【Diabetes Care. 2018 Apr;41(4):705-712】,最早在2017年EASD上的演讲中公布了结果。该研究从另一个角度阐述了糖尿病的精准治疗:应基于患者的特点,预测哪种治疗对哪种患者疗效以及耐受性最好。

演讲中提到了:不同临床特点对药物的疗效不同

DPP-4i对有胰岛素抵抗临床特征或生物学指标特征的人群疗效弱。

相比SU,肥胖和女性与TZD疗效的降糖疗效更相关,但是代价是体重增加更多。

SGLT-2i与胰岛素抵抗不相关,但是受eGFR影响。

本文要介绍的研究是对其中第一点的详细阐述,另外第二点也已经发表在了今年九月份的diabetes care杂志上【Diabetes Care. 2018 Sep;41(9):1844-1853】(注:该研究我们之前也推送过,详见:不同性别和BMI,降糖药疗效差异大)

研究介绍

评估了胰岛素抵抗和分泌是否与DPP-4抑制剂疗法引起的血糖反应相关。

研究设计和方法

研究评估了胰岛素抵抗和胰岛素分泌标志物是否与6个月的血糖反应相关,研究数据基于PRIBA研究中起始DPP-4抑制剂的人群(Predicting Response to Incretin Based Agents; 前瞻性队列研究 n = 254)。

并且基于英国临床实践研究数据(CPRD,n= 23,001),也评估了基线标记与3年中持久性的关联。为了测试结果的特异性,也分析了GLP-1受体激动剂的数据(PRIBA,n = 339; CPRD,n = 4,464)的分析。

研究结果

PRIBA研究:较高的胰岛素抵抗指标与6个月的HbA1C反应降低有关。

较高空腹C肽【P = 0.03】

HOMA2胰岛素抵抗【P = 0.01】

甘油三酯【P<0.01】

CPRD数据:

1. 较高的甘油三酯和BMI与HbA1C反应降低相关(均P <0.01)。

2. 肥胖(BMI≥30kg/m2)和高甘油三酯(≥2.3mmol/L)定义的亚组,6个月时的反应均降低了。

PRIBA HbA1c下降:0.5% VS 1.0%【肥胖高甘油三酯 VS. 非肥胖和正常甘油三酯,P= 0.01】。

在CPRD中,肥胖的高甘油三酯亚组也具有持续的较低的反应(危险比1.28【1.16,1.41】; P<0.001)。

3. 胰岛素抵抗标记物与对GLP-1受体激动剂的反应之间没有关联。

研究结论

胰岛素抵抗标志物较高与DPP-4抑制剂的疗效降低相关。该发现为DPP-4抑制剂精确的治疗糖尿病治疗提供了一个起点。

PART3

糖尿病的精准医学还包括:药物基因组学,糖尿病的精准成像,精准代谢模型,精准模拟。

糖尿病的药物基因组学


二甲双胍的药代动力学基因标志物(SLC22A1, SLC22A2 etc.)用于预测患者对二甲双胍的疗效的临床作用有限。

对于存在SLC22A1基因变异的患者,在使用二甲双胍时,使用OCT1阻断剂,会导致GI不良反应增加4倍。

尽管在对理解二甲双胍的反应性的遗传基础取得了很大进步,但是对于预测作用仍然较小。

磺脲类

携带TCF7L2基因的T2DM,使用磺脲类药物更不容易获得血糖达标。

测定SU受体编码基因的变异的重要性,并没有在前瞻性的研究中得到充分证实。

单基因糖尿病和精准医学

儿童糖尿病患者中有3-4%是单基因糖尿病

HNF-1α:胰岛素分泌缺陷-小剂量促泌剂

GCK:葡萄糖感应缺陷-小剂量促泌剂

KCNJ11:K-ATP通道缺陷-高剂量磺脲类

PPARγ/LMNA:异位脂肪聚集-胰岛素增敏剂

糖尿病的精准成像

β细胞成像(胰腺体积,脂肪,β细胞数量):1H MRS;18F SPECT/PET

外周组织成像(IMCL):31P/1H/13C MRS;qCT;DXA

肝脏成像(NAFLD/NASH):MRS/MRI/MRE;Us;CT

脑成像(血管/形态/认知):fMRI;BOLD;FDG-PET

糖尿病的精准代谢模型

1. 糖尿病和前期糖尿病的碳水化合物代谢的生理模型

β细胞功能和反应性(responsivity)

胰岛素敏感性(外周和肝脏):使用葡萄糖示踪剂更好的观察组织内葡萄糖的分布

2. T1D模拟器(UVA-Univ of Padova):FDA 2008年认证。

糖尿病的精准模拟

1. 创造一下模拟的可视化病人图像

基因组数据

EMR data

实时感知的数据(CGM,activity)

2. 创造一个模拟的数码双胞胎【Digital Twin】

推荐药物调整(决策支持辅助)

糖尿病的闭环控制

PART4

最后附上几个小病例:病例就不翻译了,不然影响它的原汁原味啦

CASE 1

24 yr old male presents with symptoms of increased thirst when he awakens on and off for 2-3 years.

He mentions that he may have had elevated blood sugar during a routine medical exam as an undergrad in college but did not follow up. Not on any medications.Non-smoker and drinks alcohol socially.

Family history: significant for diabetes diagnosed in his mother(mid 30s),one of his maternal uncles(late 30s) and his maternal grand-mother(mid-50s)

Exam: well nourished male, BMI 23.5 Kg/m2, BP:120/72mmHg With no abnormal findings on physical examination.

Labs: FPG:140mg/dl, HbA1C 7.2%, normal biochemistry otherwise, normal lipid.

Precison Testing: Genetic analyses for monogenic diabetes

Management: secretagogue

CASE 2

24 yr old female presents with symptoms of increased thirst, blurred vision and ~5% weight loss over the past 4 weeks. she denies any significant past medical or surgical history. Non-smoker and drinks alcohol socially. Normal Menses.

Family history: signifcant for type 2 diabetes in her father(mid 40s). His diabetes is “controlled” on medications

Exam: unwell-looking female, BMI 20.5Kg/m2, BP:96/50mmHg, HR:124 bpm, RR:28/min dehydrated with a “fruity” odour in breath.

Labs: random glucose 380mg/dl, HbA1C 7.2%, Na 128 mEq/L, K 5.6meq/L, BUN 56, Creat 1.6mg/dl, Urine ketones : moderate

Precison Testing: Pancreas Imaging;physiologic testing;VIP digital twin with simulation

Management: Algorithmic with AP VS. basal-bolus

CASE 3

34 yr old male presents with symptoms of generalized fatigue and gradually reduced exercise tolerance for 2-3 years. He says he has gained almost 25-30 pounds weight over this period gradually. He blames this on lack of exercise, fast food and sedentary lifestyle. Not on any medications. Non-smoker and drinks alcohol socially.

Family history: significant for type 2 diabetes in his mother(mid 50s).Her diabetes is “controlled” on medications

Exam: Obese male, BMI 33.5kg/m2, BP 140/82mmHg with no abnormal findings on physical examination.

Labs: FPG 118mg/dl, HbA1C 6.0%, normal biochemistry otherwise, AST 20, ALT 24, normal lipids.

Precison Testing: Evaluation of β cell respinsivity and insulin sensitivity

Management: based on relative effects of physiological test results and pharmacogenomics testing.

CASE 4

38 yr old male presents with worsening symptoms of generalized fatigue and gradually reduced exercise tolerance for 5-6 years. He says he has gained 30-40 pounds weight in this time. He blames this on lack of exercise, fast food and sedentary lifestyle. Not on any medications. Non-smoker and drinks alcohol socially.

Family history: significant for type 2 diabetes in his mother(mid 50s). Her diabetes is “controlled” on medications.

Exam: Obese male, BMI 36.5Kg/m2, BP: 160/82 with palpable and soft liver edge 2cms below right costal margin.

Labs: FPG 130mg/dl, HbA1C 6.8%, AST 68, ALT 90, normal renal function.

Precision Testing: Imaging(Liver/Brain), Evaluation of β cell responsivity and insulin sensitivity, pharmacogenomics.

Management: NASH specific therapy, based on effect sizes of test results and pharmacogenomics testing.

CASE 5

52 yr old male presents with worsening symptoms of generalized fatigue and weight gain over last 8-10 years. He says he has gained 40-50 pounds weight in this time gradually. He blames this on lack of exercise, fast food and sedentary lifestyle. Not on any medications. Non-smoker and drinks alcohol socially. His wife noted that he has been “forgetful” and apathetic.

family history: significant for type 2 diabetes in his mother(mid 50s). Her diabetes is “controlled” on medications.

Exam: Obese male, BMI 38Kg/m2, BP: 160/82mmHg

Labs: FPG 185mg/dl, HbA1C 9.8%, AST 32,ALT 55, normal renal function.

Precision Testing: Imaging(Brain) and congnition, Evaluation of β cell responsivity and insulin sensitivity; pharmacogenomics; VIP simulation.

Management: based on relative effects of test results and pharmacogenomics testing; decision support aids to guide therapy, cognition impairment management.

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    。。

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=352404, encodeId=0aae352404a3, content=。。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c0402453377, createdName=123fcc15m77暂无昵称, createdTime=Mon Nov 12 20:36:57 CST 2018, time=2018-11-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=350466, encodeId=2acf350466bc, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/11/19/89c7e7adfd96f9b7f169036850a54979.jpg, createdBy=50792079489, createdName=cici-moon, createdTime=Thu Oct 25 12:10:56 CST 2018, time=2018-10-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1403357, encodeId=4fb0140335ec9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ebbde6353be' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#精准#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=76353, encryptionId=ebbde6353be, topicName=精准)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83epQX9hfEIBiaPg0e9KvLYVBCSGYydH6K6OQxBh3RaOC0TYP9HYy2v0XdHib1LFnZNU5Siak0P8oh8Aqw/132, createdBy=acd92440184, createdName=shijzhiewnjhch, createdTime=Tue Oct 23 13:42:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=350279, encodeId=f7f83502e9cc, content=学习了谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160304/IMG56D94856B1B5D6405.jpg, createdBy=27931687771, createdName=一个字-牛, createdTime=Tue Oct 23 13:08:45 CST 2018, time=2018-10-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=350147, encodeId=5adb35014e64, content=学习了谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLbTp9nZtjwVrSZNxAXbAicnKQWnic2eBdJUQYhxO36XdkstSicr7FVF8p5ReH4omtmsbnLdvZLiaJJ1A/132, createdBy=8bff2327056, createdName=kafei, createdTime=Mon Oct 22 10:16:16 CST 2018, time=2018-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=350116, encodeId=682a3501165e, content=谢谢了,学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=30331616752, createdName=txqjm, createdTime=Mon Oct 22 06:30:13 CST 2018, time=2018-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1041928, encodeId=a5a410419288e, content=谢谢MedSci提供最新的资讯, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=misszhang, createdTime=Mon Oct 22 01:42:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=350111, encodeId=2451350111c9, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1bb241978, createdName=phoebeyan520, createdTime=Mon Oct 22 00:07:08 CST 2018, time=2018-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=350099, encodeId=c74b3500999a, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=82311653708, createdName=医者仁心5538, createdTime=Sun Oct 21 23:18:21 CST 2018, time=2018-10-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-10-25 cici-moon

    学习了

    0

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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=352404, encodeId=0aae352404a3, content=。。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c0402453377, createdName=123fcc15m77暂无昵称, createdTime=Mon Nov 12 20:36:57 CST 2018, time=2018-11-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=350466, encodeId=2acf350466bc, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/11/19/89c7e7adfd96f9b7f169036850a54979.jpg, createdBy=50792079489, createdName=cici-moon, createdTime=Thu Oct 25 12:10:56 CST 2018, time=2018-10-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1403357, encodeId=4fb0140335ec9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ebbde6353be' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#精准#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=76353, encryptionId=ebbde6353be, topicName=精准)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83epQX9hfEIBiaPg0e9KvLYVBCSGYydH6K6OQxBh3RaOC0TYP9HYy2v0XdHib1LFnZNU5Siak0P8oh8Aqw/132, createdBy=acd92440184, createdName=shijzhiewnjhch, createdTime=Tue Oct 23 13:42:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=350279, encodeId=f7f83502e9cc, content=学习了谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160304/IMG56D94856B1B5D6405.jpg, createdBy=27931687771, createdName=一个字-牛, createdTime=Tue Oct 23 13:08:45 CST 2018, time=2018-10-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=350147, encodeId=5adb35014e64, content=学习了谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLbTp9nZtjwVrSZNxAXbAicnKQWnic2eBdJUQYhxO36XdkstSicr7FVF8p5ReH4omtmsbnLdvZLiaJJ1A/132, createdBy=8bff2327056, createdName=kafei, createdTime=Mon Oct 22 10:16:16 CST 2018, time=2018-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=350116, encodeId=682a3501165e, content=谢谢了,学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=30331616752, createdName=txqjm, createdTime=Mon Oct 22 06:30:13 CST 2018, time=2018-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1041928, encodeId=a5a410419288e, content=谢谢MedSci提供最新的资讯, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=misszhang, createdTime=Mon Oct 22 01:42:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=350111, encodeId=2451350111c9, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1bb241978, createdName=phoebeyan520, createdTime=Mon Oct 22 00:07:08 CST 2018, time=2018-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=350099, encodeId=c74b3500999a, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=82311653708, createdName=医者仁心5538, createdTime=Sun Oct 21 23:18:21 CST 2018, time=2018-10-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-10-23 一个字-牛

    学习了谢谢分享

    0

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    2018-10-22 kafei

    学习了谢谢

    0

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    2018-10-22 txqjm

    谢谢了,学习

    0

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    2018-10-22 misszhang

    谢谢MedSci提供最新的资讯

    0

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    2018-10-22 phoebeyan520

    学习了

    0

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    2018-10-21 医者仁心5538

    学习了

    0

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