抗O、类风湿因子、C反应蛋白、抗CCP抗体-风湿指标意义解析

2022-08-17 检验之声 检验之声

有很多患者因手指间关节疼痛、变形至骨科门诊就诊,门诊医师在询问病史及体格检查后有时会建议患者查一查风湿因子,

有很多患者因手指间关节疼痛、变形至骨科门诊就诊,门诊医师在询问病史及体格检查后有时会建议患者查一查风湿因子,以排除类风湿性关节炎。今天小编就和大家聊一聊主要风湿指标意义及解析。

类风湿关节炎

类风湿关节炎(RA)是一种病因未明的慢性、以炎性滑膜炎为主的系统性疾病。其特征是手、足小关节的多关节、对称性、侵袭性关节炎症,经常伴有关节外器官受累及血清类风湿因子阳性,可以导致关节畸形及功能丧失。

常见风湿病化验指标——抗O、类风湿因子、C反应蛋白、CCP。

1、抗链球菌溶血素“O”(ASO)

临床意义:

增高:风湿热病、溶血性链球菌感染、急性肾小球肾炎、亚急性心内膜炎等疾病。用于检测风湿病是否在活动期的试验,期间60%~80%可增高。

抗“O”增高只能说患者近期曾感染溶血性链球菌,但不一定会患风湿热、风湿性关节炎和风湿性心脏病,需要同时检测抗链球菌的菌体抗原并结合临床表现等;

由于人们常与A族链球菌接触,正常人也存在低效价的抗体,通常<133IU/ml,当效价>200IU/ml时,才被认为有诊断价值。有15~20%的健康人血清中ASO含量高于200IU/ml。

2、类风湿因子(RF)

临床意义:

对类风湿性关节炎(RA)患者的诊断及预后判断具有一定临床意义,RA患者RF阳性率为52%~92%,一般RF阳性者疗效差,并伴有其他并发症,如周围神经炎及动脉炎等;RF阴性者病情较轻,并发症较少,疗效较好。RF阴转或含量降低,可作为评价药物疗效及病情缓解的一个指标。

RF可用于自身免疫性疾病的辅助诊断:RF阳性率SLE为53%、皮肌炎、硬皮病及恶性贫血均为80%、自身免疫性溶血型贫血为75%、慢活肝为60%、干燥综合症可达90%~100%。慢性感染性疾病RF也可呈阳性如亚急性细菌性心内膜炎、结核、梅毒、黑热病、结节病及某些高球蛋白血症等。

各种不同类别RF的临床意义:

IgG类RF与RA患者的滑膜炎、血管炎和关节外症状密切相关;

IgA类RF见于RA、硬皮病、Felty’s综合症和SLE,是临床活动性的一个标志;

IgM类RF的含量与RA的活动性无密切关系;

IgD类RF临床意义目前尚不明了;

IgE类RF见于RA、Felty’s综合征和青年型RA,在关节液和胸水中IgE类RF高于同一患者的血清水平。

3、C反应蛋白(CRP)

临床意义:

CRP作为急性时相蛋白在各种急性炎症、组织损伤、心肌梗塞、手术创伤、放射性损伤等疾病发作后数小时迅速升高,并有成倍增长之势,其升高幅度与感染的程度呈正相关。

CRP与其它炎症因子如白细胞总数、红细胞沉降率和多形核白细胞等具有密切相关性。CRP可用于细菌和病毒感染的鉴别诊断,病毒性感染CRP大都正常。

急性风湿热活动期CRP会明显升高,甚至可达200mg/L,经治疗好转后,CRP可逐渐下降至正常。这对风湿热的诊断及疗效观察有重要参考意义。

4、CCP(抗环瓜氨酸肽抗体)

临床资料显示,CCP对RA具有相当高的特异性和敏感性。还有学者认为,CCP不仅是RA早期诊断指标,而且是鉴别侵蚀性、非侵蚀性RA的灵敏指标,CCP阳性者通常出现或易发展成较抗体阴性者更严重的关节骨质破坏。但也有数个研究报道显示CCP对RA的敏感度在70%~80%,不及RF,联合检测RF和CCP,将明显提高诊断的敏感度。

★ CCP可作为早期RA诊断的最佳指标

瓜氨酸化蛋白作为靶抗原参与RA的发病,与其对应的CCP对RA的早期诊断较传统的RF具有更高的特异性。CCP对RA特异性高达96.0%以上。由于抗CCP具有敏感性高、特异性强、对RA患者早期诊断的特点,因此对把握临床2年内有效治疗时间窗具有重要的临床意义。

★ CCP与RA患者病情变化、关节破坏、预后转归有显著相关性

RA患者关节滑膜和外周血淋巴细胞均可分泌CCP,与骨关节的破坏程度相关。国内外文献均已报道CCP与疾病的严重程度特别是影像学的侵蚀性改变密切相关。因此可将CCP用于RA病情监测与预后评估。

★ 联合检测CCP和RF

目前对RA的检测临床没有一个单一的检测项目可以兼顾敏感性和特异性。CCP和RF联合检测,可提高RA的诊断的敏感性和特异性,并可应用于RA的早期诊断及预后评估,有助于提高RF对早期RA患者的诊断。目前CCP和RF联合检测是临床广泛应用RA早期准确诊断、排除非RA引起的关节疾病相鉴别的良好指标,尤其是对临床症状不典型的早期RA患者意义更大。

 

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