全身麻醉下运动神经元疾病患者行胃造口术1例

2019-08-10 王吉苹 郭颖 刘国梁 中国实验诊断学

患者女,年龄45岁,身高150 cm,体重40kg,因运动神经元疾病(Motor neuron disease,MND)入院,拟行胃造口术。既往史:患者30年前出现下肢肌力减弱,近一个月出现四肢无力合并进食功能障碍,1个月前行走时摔倒,头部挫伤,2周前出现吞咽困难。术前检查:化验检查及心电图未见明显异常。胸片检查未见明显异常。由于运动神经元病患者多合并有呼吸困难,原计划行呼吸功能测定,但由于患者感

1.临床资料
 
患者女,年龄45岁,身高150 cm,体重40kg,因运动神经元疾病(Motor neuron disease,MND)入院,拟行造口术。既往史:患者30年前出现下肢肌力减弱,近一个月出现四肢无力合并进食功能障碍,1个月前行走时摔倒,头部挫伤,2周前出现吞咽困难。术前检查:化验检查及心电图未见明显异常。胸片检查未见明显异常。由于运动神经元病患者多合并有呼吸困难,原计划行呼吸功能测定,但由于患者感觉疲劳呼吸功能测定被暂停。
 
术前麻醉监测:采用无创袖带监测血压、SpO2、ECG、BIS、PETCO2。患者入室SpO2 92%,HR:80bpm,BP:145/76mmHg,BIS值87-95之间波动。硬膜外麻醉被考虑其中,但由于患者过度紧张,拒绝行硬膜外麻醉,我们选择全麻诱导喉罩置入的方式进行麻醉。
 
麻醉诱导:吸入8%七氟醚并氧流量8ml/min进行麻醉诱导,4min后BIS值降到45-60,血压降到88/45mmHg,心率63次/min时给予麻黄碱6mg,带血压稳定在100/60mmHg,各种反射消失立即给予3.5#喉罩置入咽喉腔,插管过程顺利,喉罩置入后血压升到109/70mmHg。麻醉维持使用4%七氟醚并给予右美托咪定0.4mg/min。术中患者血压平稳在110-120/60-70mmHg之间,心率70左右,PETCO2 30上下波动,BIS在40-60之间波动,手术时长50min,手术过程顺利。
 
术中输注胶体300ml,晶体液500ml,出血量100ml,尿量100ml,术毕给予帕瑞昔布钠40mg。术中未给予肌松药及阿片类镇痛药。手术结束后20min患者呼吸功能,意识恢复,脱氧血氧维持90%以上,拔出喉罩,血流动力学未见明显波动,吸氧观察1h后,呼吸良好病人无明显不适,微痛。此时血压138/82mmHg,HR为76bpm。次日访视患者,患者一般状态良好,血氧在98%以上,血压平稳维持在120/80mmHg左右,7天后出院,无任何麻醉相关性并发症。
 
2.讨论
 
运动神经元病是一种比较罕见的疾病,男性常多于女性,患病比率为1.2:1-2.5:1。年发病率为1.5/10万-2.7/10万,患病率约为2.7/10万-7.4/10万。病因与发病机制尚不明确,目前在遗传机制、氧化应激、兴奋性毒性、神经营养因子障碍、自身免疫机制、病毒感染及环境因素有关。主要为肌无力,肌萎缩和锥体束征等表现。很少有智力,感觉,椎体外系及自主神经系统的损害的临床表现。单独损害脊髓前脚,表现为肌无力和肌萎缩,却没有锥体束征的表现,为进行性肌萎缩(PMA)。
 
损害局限于延髓运动神经核而表现为咽喉肌和舌肌无力和锥体束征者为原发性侧索硬化(PLS).如上下神经元病均有损害,表现为肌无力,肌萎缩和锥体束征者则为脊髓侧索硬化症.但大多数病例都会出现不同部位的损害。且有小部分MND患者运动系统以外的表现,如:痴呆,椎体外系症状,感觉异常和膀胱直肠功能障碍。此时,可能MND伴有其他疾病或MND累及其他系统,称为不典型MND。
 
运动神经元病的患者在行造口术方面会存在很多困难。首先,由于运动神经元病发病率极低,在麻醉方式的选择上就存在各种争议,虽然也有运动神经元病在腰硬联合下取得成功的案例,但是由于患者拟行胃造口术,要求平面较高,且患者过度紧张,我们考虑使用全身麻醉。运动神经元病在晚期常会产生脊髓麻痹,少数可为首发症状。舌肌先受累,随后出现腭、咽、喉、咀嚼肌萎缩无力,导致构音不清,吞咽困难,咀嚼肌无力。晚期发展至全身肌肉萎缩,无力,生活不能自理,最后常因肺部感染而死亡。所以麻醉前的肺功能评估是非常必要的,因常有肌肉萎缩,张口度有时会受限,建立一个可靠的气道是至关重要。
 
因手术时间较短且患者并非饱胃状态,我们选择喉罩置入。虽然我们选择喉罩置入,并没有产生不良后果,但是经过大量文献阅读运动神经元病会发展到呼吸肌无力时会产生低通气量,高碳酸血症和分泌物的清除能力下降,所以误吸的可能性也大大增加,所以带套囊的气管插管应该是更加安全的选择。围术期的心血管系统危险并不常见。但是曾有报道长时间的气管插管增加术后二次插管的风险,因为运动神经元病患者肺功能本身较正常人差,长时间的气管插管将可能造成患者术后肺部感染率增加,所以患者二次插管率术是增加的。
 
麻醉药的应用并没有明确的绝对禁忌症,但是大多数的麻醉药品都应该谨慎应用。没有肌松的气管插管是一个很好的选择。去极化肌松药琥珀胆碱禁忌用于存在运动神经元病的患者,因为容易产生横纹肌溶解和高钾血症的风险,会导致心律失常和肌纤维纤颤。虽然没有明确的报道禁用非去极化肌松药,且在运动神经元病的患者中,非去极化肌松药的作用时间延长且不能确定,手术时间较短暂,手术对肌松的要求也不是很高,且肌松药和阿片类镇痛药的应用会增加患者呼吸肌功能恢复延迟的风险,我们选择无肌松的吸入麻醉诱导与维持。
 
七氟醚是很好的替代,其在气管插管前平均呼吸末浓度为4.2%,即等到呼吸末浓度达到2MAC的时候实行插管可不产生插管反射。且我们实行得是喉罩置入,所以对患者会产生更小的影响,并且增加的患者清醒时的舒适度。由于阿片类也有增加患者呼吸肌抑制的可能,我们选择术毕给予非甾体类镇痛药(帕瑞昔布钠),帕瑞昔布钠属于选择性COX-2抑制剂,其在疼痛,炎症反应和发热有关的前列素样递质的合成过程中发挥着重要的作用,且不影响患者的呼吸和干扰神经肌肉接头处的传递。
 
综上所述,运动神经元病的患者患病率较低,且晚期大多数患者为提高生活质量,均需要行胃造瘘术。本例患者选择七氟醚吸入麻醉诱导合并右美托咪定进行麻醉维持并合并非甾体类镇痛药,在短小的手术中是可以产生充分的镇静与镇痛作用与血流动力学的稳定。且喉罩插管减少了患者苏醒期不舒适感,且能维持良好的通气功能。麻醉效果满意,为今后运动神经元病患者的全身麻醉提供一个参考。但是此类患者若行较长时间大手术的麻醉方式、麻醉过程中的呼吸管理、麻醉药物的选择,仍需要我们不断的探索与研究。
 
原始出处:

王吉苹,郭颖,刘国梁,黄美佳,路畅,石宏宇,蒙亚珍,张厚忠.全身麻醉下运动神经元疾病患者行胃造口术1例[J].中国实验诊断学,2018,22(08):1412-1413.

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    2019-08-10 坚强007

    祈求医学进步,早日攻克渐冻症ALS,救救痛苦的痛人及家属

    0

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