JCEM:先天性肾上腺增生患者的骨折患病率增加

2021-12-03 从医路漫漫 MedSci原创

先天性肾上腺增生症(CAH)属于一种常染色体隐性遗传病,影响肾上腺皮质中类固醇合成,导致皮质醇和大多数醛固酮缺乏症,同时伴有肾上腺雄激素分泌过剩。

背景:先天性肾上腺增生症(CAH)属于一种常染色体隐性遗传病,影响肾上腺皮质中类固醇合成,导致皮质醇和大多数醛固酮缺乏症,同时伴有肾上腺雄激素分泌过剩。21-羟化酶缺乏症(21OHD),由CYP21A2基因突变引起,是CAH的主要变异,影响95%至99%的病例。从表型上看,CAH可分为典型组(SW)和单纯男性化组(SV),以及非经典组(NC)。如果在出生后的头几周内没有开始进行糖皮质激素替代,则SW表型很难存活,而SV表型传统上是在新生儿期发现的,女孩是由于生殖器模糊,而年轻男孩是由于出生后快速生长和男性化而发现的。然而,现在许多国家已经开始了新生儿21OHD的筛查,而且几乎所有的经典病例都是在新生儿期确诊的。NC表型有20%到70%的残留酶活性,导致症状和体征比经典表型少。据报道,先天性肾上腺增生症(CAH)患者存在低骨密度,但骨折的发生率尚不清楚。

目的:了解CAH患者骨折的患病率。

方法:

纳入患者:在1910年至2013年期间出生的21OHD患者(拥有完整的个人身份号码)通过国家CAH登记(n=640)(2)以及国家患者登记。通过国家新生儿筛查计划发现的210HD患者,向筛查实验室报告的晚期诊断患者,所有接受诊断CYP21A2突变分析的瑞典患者,以及我们医院通过以前或当前临床接触或研究(自20世纪40年代以来)认识的所有患者都被纳入国家CAH登记处。以前的研究详细报道了这一过程。总共有714名患者被纳入研究,其中女性404名,男性310名,患有21OHD。将患者随机分为3个年龄组(0~19岁、20~49岁和≥50岁),并按出生年份分为新生儿筛查前后(1986年)。在有数据的情况下,根据CYP21A2突变分析,将患者分为3个表型组(即SW、SV和NC)以及最常见的5个基因型组(即NULL、I2 Splice、I172N、P30L和V281L),如前所述。最轻微的突变定义了复合杂合子中的基因型群。NULL与SW表型相关,I2剪接通常与SW相关;I172N与SV相关;V281L与NC形式相关。P30L的严重程度介于SV和NC之间,但本研究将其定义为SV。NC组包括经临床、生化和/或基因验证的NC疾病患者。

研究方案从总人口登记中确定与出生年份、性别和出生地相匹配的对照组,每个210HD病例的比率为100。瑞典移民的匹配是使用移民记录(瑞典统计局)进行的,该记录包含1901年以来的所有移民。通过使用唯一的瑞典个人识别码,可以在基于人口的登记册之间建立明确的联系。所有数据都是由登记册持有人在交付之前确认的。自1964年和2001年以来,根据ICD,分别针对住院和门诊专科护理使用了国家患者登记册(瑞典卫生与福利委员会)来识别所有出院诊断。结果,骨折被记录下来,但创伤类型也被记录下来。流行率是在数据提取完成的时间点(2013年)、死亡或移民出境时(以先到者为准)计算的。用于单独分析的不同ICD代码(瑞典版)如表1所示。该研究由瑞典伦理审查机构批准。

结果:平均年龄(29.8±18.4)岁。与对照组相比,CAH患者骨折发生率为23.5%比16.1%,优势比(OR)1.61,95%可信区间(CI)1.35~1.91,男女均有此现象(女性:19.6%vs 13.3%,OR 1.57,95%CI 1.23~2.02;男性:28.7%vs 19.6%,OR 1.65,95%CI 1.29~2.12)。在引入新生儿筛查之前出生的患者骨折显着增加,而在之后出生的患者骨折增加不明显。与骨质疏松相关的任何主要骨折(脊柱、前臂、髋部或肩部)。在所有CAH患者中,任何与骨质疏松相关的主要骨折(脊柱、前臂、髋部或肩部)均增加(9.8% vs 7.5%, or 1.34, 95% CI 1.05-1.72)。SV型和I172N型骨折发生率最高,而非经典型和I2剪接型骨折发生率未见增加。在CAH患者中,无论男女,乘坐汽车发生交通事故和跌倒在同一水平上的情况比对照组更常见。

表1 骨折及其发生方式基于国家患者登记(包括住院和门诊)的ICD诊断

表2 21-羟化酶缺乏所致先天性肾上腺增生症患者的骨折,也分为女性和男性,与年龄和性别匹配的对照组(每个病例100名对照)进行比较。

表3 由21-羟化酶缺乏引起的先天性肾上腺增生症患者的骨折分为表型,并与年龄和性别匹配的对照组(每个病例100名对照)进行比较。

表4 与年龄和性别匹配的对照组相比,先天性肾上腺增生患者的骨折构成了四个最常见的CYP21A2基因型组(每个病例100个对照)

表5 由于21-羟化酶缺乏而导致的先天性肾上腺增生症患者骨折分为新生儿筛查(1986年)之前出生的患者和筛查后出生的患者,并与年龄和性别匹配的对照组(每例100例对照)进行比较

结论:CAH患者骨折和骨质疏松相关骨折的发生率均增加(男女皆有),但新生儿筛查患者的发生率不增加。我们得出结论,应定期进行骨折风险评估和糖皮质激素方案优化。

原文出处:

Falhammar H,  Frisén L,  Hirschberg AL,et al.Increased Prevalence of Fractures in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: A Swedish Population-Based National Cohort Study.J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021 Oct 03

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    2021-12-05 huirong
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    2022-05-18 achengzhao

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