Lancet Neurology 亨廷顿舞蹈病的研究进展和新兴疗法

2020-11-07 张阿琦 MedSci原创

什么是亨廷顿舞蹈病

什么是亨廷顿舞蹈病

亨廷顿舞蹈症是一种罕见的遗传疾病,发病率不到万分之一。其名字来源于美国科学家乔治·亨廷顿(George Huntington)在19世纪的时候,详细描述了这一类病患。患上这种病的人会出现运动机能下降,手脚会出现无法控制的震颤、抖动和摇晃。

亨廷顿舞蹈病是一种致命的神经退行性疾病,由亨廷顿( HTT )基因中编码聚谷氨酰胺的CAG-CAA重复扩增引起,这些疾病的发病年龄与重复长度成反比。

过去,由于这些重复在亨廷顿舞蹈病中的致病影响被认为是在蛋白质水平上发生的,因此目前的发病年龄预测是基于氨基酸束的长度,而不考虑DNA序列,这些基于长度的预测模型解释了发病年龄中约70%的患者间差异。

但是,近些年,该领域的研究人员重新审视了过去的假设,他们发现,改变谷氨酰胺编码序列但不改变聚谷氨酰胺长度的DNA序列变体与携带者发病年龄的实质性变化有关,这种关联性有助于解释为什么具有相同聚谷氨酰胺长度的部分患者会在不同年龄出现亨廷顿氏病,寻找能够影响临床发病年龄的基因修饰已成为这方面研究中的一个活跃领域。

HTT序列变异和亨廷顿舞蹈病的发病年龄

聚谷氨酰胺束主要由不间断的(CAG)n重复序列编码。 该区域的长度用于诊断目的,以计算亨廷顿氏病等位基因的疾病渗透率。然而,在大多数个体(即超过95%)中,这个不间断的(CAG)n区域紧随其后的是12个碱基对的中断序列和(CCG)n区域。

亨廷顿舞蹈病的发病年龄和基因序列的关系

技术的进步和庞大的患者数据科研人员充分研究修饰子。三项独立研究表明,连续的CAG序列比连续的多聚谷氨酰胺密码子的数量更能预测亨廷顿舞蹈病的发病年龄。这些研究确定了中断序列中的两种遗传变异,它们与发病年龄的改变有关,下表是主要总结。

 

诊断CAG重复范围

主要发现

赖特等人(2019)

外显率降低(36–39)和完整外显率等位基因(≥40)

中断损失型载体(n = 16):减少了渗透能力的运载工具(n = 12)加快了29年,对于完全渗透性运载工具的速度增加了n = 4(13);中断重复变异携带者(n = 10):延迟了4年(全部完全外显)

李等人(2019)

完整的外显等位基因(40–55范围)

中断丢失的变异载体(n = 21):加速了13年;中断重复变异携带者(n = 69):延迟6年

Ciosi等人(2019) 

完整的外显等位基因(40–50范围)显现并预示

中断丢失的变异载体(n = 7):加速了16年;中断重复变异携带者(n = 13):延迟3年

Findlay Black等(2020) 

外显率降低(36–39)和完整外显率等位基因(≥40)

中断损失变型运载工具(n = 49):减少了渗透能力的运载工具(n = 19)和完全渗透性运载工具(n = 30)加快了26年;在无偏倚的筛查中,有491例有症状的亨廷顿病患者中有5例(1%)发现了中断中断变异,但在降低的外显率范围内有59例有症状的患者中有19例(32%)

根据当前的诊断重复长度,对发病年龄产生影响。

三种中断序列变异对亨廷顿舞蹈病患者发病年龄的影响

这些变体中的第一个导致中断序列(CAA-CAG)的完全丢失,被称为中断丢失。这种损失延长了不间断的CAG长度,而使聚谷氨酰胺的长度保持不变,并导致发病年龄加快。相反,重复中断(CAA-CAG)与相反的作用相关联,延缓了发病年龄。在观察到不间断的CAG长度是决定亨廷顿氏病发作的重要因素时,这些变异的相反作用增加了人们的对治疗亨廷顿病的信心。

一些亨廷顿舞蹈病的相关治疗

亨廷顿舞蹈病发病机理的分子来源是多种多样的,每一种都与重复序列长度紧密相关,并且可以发生在DNA,RNA和蛋白质水平。大多数治疗方法都集中于灭活HTT 基因,抑制 HTT 转录,促进 HTT 转录本的降解 ,或抑制突变型HTT蛋白的量。然而,已经出现的一种有前途的治疗方法是针对体细胞重复扩增。

调节亨廷顿氏病中体细胞重复不稳定性的新兴治疗方法概述

由于重复长度与发病年龄,病程和疾病严重程度成反比,因此减慢或逆转体细胞重复扩增可能会减慢或逆转疾病。对亨廷顿病发病年龄的修饰语进行的最大搜索是在六个DNA修复基因( FAN1 核酸酶, LIG1 连接酶和错配修复基因 MLH1MSH3PMS1PMS2 )中发现了促进疾病和延缓疾病的变体  先前的体外和小鼠研究表明, FAN1   LIG1   MLH1PMS2 ,和 MSH3 对于防止或推动重复扩展至关重要。据推测,相关蛋白可以识别损伤并切割或重新合成DNA以引起扩增。发现亨廷顿氏病小鼠模型中 MSH3天然变异实质上影响体细胞CAG重复不稳定性,从而支持DNA修复基因在通过介导体细胞重复扩增来调节发病年龄。

扰动 MLH1 已被证明,以减少细胞系和动物模型脆性X综合征和弗里德的共济失调扩张,并有可能治疗相关性。主要候选者是MSH3,它对于体细胞重复扩增至关重要。MSH3的遗传损失可抑制亨廷顿舞蹈病小鼠模型中的体细胞CAG扩增,但不会大大增加癌症易感性。Msh3 ATPase活性的降低也被证明可以降低体外CTG·CAG的扩增。小分子,反义寡核苷酸,RNA干扰分子,靶向MSH3的抑制剂和其他DNA修复蛋白正在临床前开发中。

我们设想将更新当前的诊断检测方法,以解决 HTT 中断序列变异。对这些干扰变异的携带者进行系统性筛选以进行联合分析,将改善发病年龄的估计。有证据表明,即使校正不间断的CAG,中断丢失变体的效果仍然很重要。这种作用需要进一步研究,聚脯氨酸重复序列对稳定性的作用也需要进一步研究。

总之,利用研究亨廷顿氏病发病年龄的遗传信息可以发现跨CAG-CAA介导的疾病的共同生物学过程。因此,对这些疾病的发病年龄进行基因组分析可能会导致更好的理解,从而为开发新疗法铺平道路。

 

参考文献

Galen E B Wright, Hailey Findlay Black, et al. Interrupting sequence variants and age of onset in Huntington's disease: clinical implications and emerging therapies. The Lancet Neurology. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30343-4

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    2020-11-19 yinhl1978
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    2021-09-25 howi
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    2020-11-07 goodbing

    顶刊就是不一样,质量很高,内容精彩!学到很多

    0

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