BMJ:<6岁儿童不建议吃感冒药,欧美已禁止

2018-11-03 文韬 中国循环杂志

儿童每年约有6~8次感冒,成人则有2~4次。普通感冒通常由病毒引起,虽然是一种自愈性疾病,但可对工作和上学造成很大影响。

儿童每年约有6~8次感冒,成人则有2~4次。普通感冒通常由病毒引起,虽然是一种自愈性疾病,但可对工作和上学造成很大影响。

BMJ发表的一项研究经过检索Cochrane数据库,发现许多针对普通感冒的非处方(OTC)治疗可以缓解鼻塞症状,如充血、流鼻涕和打喷嚏,但这些治疗的有效性证据有限,且质量低,缺乏明确的指导。

文章指出,普通感冒是自限性的,症状通常在7到10天内就可以解除,应向患者解释,治疗普通感冒,没有“灵丹妙药”。

对于成人的流鼻涕症状,单药或联合产品中的减充血剂和抗组胺药是最佳选择,但效果很也不是很大,不良事件通常也不严重。

不能长时间使用鼻减充血剂

建议患者使用鼻减充血剂最多3至7天,长期使用会导致慢性鼻塞。

减充血剂包括麻黄素(即麻黄碱、伪麻黄碱)和羟甲唑啉、四氢唑啉等。病毒侵入粘膜尤其是鼻粘膜,可使血管扩张并引起肿胀。

减充血剂可收缩鼻内血管,减轻充血症状,但当药效逐渐减弱时,鼻内的小血管又可扩张引起充血和堵塞,会导致反跳性鼻充血的恶性循环,以致于要持续使用鼻喷雾剂。

儿童的证据更少

1、对于儿童普通感冒治疗的证据更为有限。不建议在6岁以下儿童中使用减充血剂或含有抗组胺药的配方,并建议6至12岁之间慎用。

2、没有证据表明这些治疗可以缓解鼻部症状,还可以引起诸如嗜睡或肠不适等不良反应。

3、儿童使用减充血剂可发生例如抽搐、心率过快和死亡。

4、其他常用的非处方药和家庭治疗,如加湿空气、桉树油或紫锥花,都没有足够的证据支持。

5、可以给予盐水鼻腔冲洗以缓解鼻部症状。

6、已上市的抗病毒药物均无法有效减轻症状,还有不良事件,不能用于普通感冒。

7、抗生素不适用于普通感冒等病毒感染抗生素并未减少化脓性鼻炎或明确的鼻炎的持续时间,且不良事件增加。

英国药品和医疗产品管理中心曾发文指出,感冒药给儿童健康带来的危害超过了其宣称的正面作用,并提醒医生和家长要警惕15种危险成分。这些危险成分包括:

(1)减充血剂:伪麻黄碱、麻黄碱、去氧肾上腺素(新福林)、羟甲唑啉、塞洛唑啉。

(2)抗组胺剂:苯海拉明、氯苯那敏、异丙嗪、曲普利啶、抗敏安。

(3)镇咳祛痰药:右美沙芬、福尔可定、愈创甘油醚和吐根剂等。

欧美已禁止6岁以下儿童使用感冒药

自2007年起,欧美国家已禁止6岁及以下幼儿使用儿童类感冒药,包括止咳、化痰、鼻塞和流鼻涕等常见感冒药成分。中国的儿童感冒中成药、糖浆等多含有这些西药成分,复合制剂安全隐患更大。

美国FDA指出,感冒药经常含有一种以上作用成分,如抗组胺药、减充血药、镇咳药、祛痰药,千万不要给儿童使用超过一种以上含有抗组胺成分(流鼻涕、抗过敏等)的药品。

原始出处:
Mieke L van Driel, et al. What treatments are effective for common cold in adults and children? BMJ, 2018, 363:k3786.

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    2019-03-08 gaoxiaoe
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    2019-03-28 周虎
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    2018-11-05 whmdzju
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    2018-11-04 吴教授

    学习了,学习了

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1848637, encodeId=3b3b184863ee2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2977356edc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BMJ#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3567, encryptionId=2977356edc, topicName=BMJ)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=148754, createdName=gaoxiaoe, createdTime=Fri Mar 08 06:14:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2081066, encodeId=453c2081066d2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=846b20389cd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#不建议#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20389, encryptionId=846b20389cd, topicName=不建议)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c9d3459, createdName=周虎, createdTime=Thu Mar 28 20:14:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1497447, encodeId=0dd8149e4471f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=85715326639' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#感冒药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=53266, encryptionId=85715326639, topicName=感冒药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1fa19322371, createdName=whmdzju, createdTime=Mon Nov 05 06:14:00 CST 2018, time=2018-11-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=351473, encodeId=c0c03514e373, content=学习了,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20170701/IMG595791009FB761316.jpg, createdBy=abd01695121, createdName=吴教授, createdTime=Sun Nov 04 09:05:55 CST 2018, time=2018-11-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=351469, encodeId=8be33514692b, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f6512108074, createdName=1581f80970m, createdTime=Sun Nov 04 09:01:18 CST 2018, time=2018-11-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=351434, encodeId=122835143460, content=非常好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzXprUCFDMuY1SXH96r8MdtExF6fhSNLulicdUBcsodicYROXqf5icqDWFAOicfEqYtDcjL6HvrQrvmO1/0, createdBy=db841700299, createdName=克勤, createdTime=Sat Nov 03 23:35:40 CST 2018, time=2018-11-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=351405, encodeId=7f5e351405a3, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=82311653708, createdName=医者仁心5538, createdTime=Sat Nov 03 20:19:13 CST 2018, time=2018-11-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=351382, encodeId=855635138205, content=支持!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=18741984753, createdName=smartxiuxiu, createdTime=Sat Nov 03 15:54:32 CST 2018, time=2018-11-03, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-11-04 1581f80970m

    学习了

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1848637, encodeId=3b3b184863ee2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2977356edc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BMJ#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3567, encryptionId=2977356edc, topicName=BMJ)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=148754, createdName=gaoxiaoe, createdTime=Fri Mar 08 06:14:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2081066, encodeId=453c2081066d2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=846b20389cd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#不建议#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20389, encryptionId=846b20389cd, topicName=不建议)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c9d3459, createdName=周虎, createdTime=Thu Mar 28 20:14:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1497447, encodeId=0dd8149e4471f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=85715326639' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#感冒药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=53266, encryptionId=85715326639, topicName=感冒药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1fa19322371, createdName=whmdzju, createdTime=Mon Nov 05 06:14:00 CST 2018, time=2018-11-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=351473, encodeId=c0c03514e373, content=学习了,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20170701/IMG595791009FB761316.jpg, createdBy=abd01695121, createdName=吴教授, createdTime=Sun Nov 04 09:05:55 CST 2018, time=2018-11-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=351469, encodeId=8be33514692b, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f6512108074, createdName=1581f80970m, createdTime=Sun Nov 04 09:01:18 CST 2018, time=2018-11-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=351434, encodeId=122835143460, content=非常好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzXprUCFDMuY1SXH96r8MdtExF6fhSNLulicdUBcsodicYROXqf5icqDWFAOicfEqYtDcjL6HvrQrvmO1/0, createdBy=db841700299, createdName=克勤, createdTime=Sat Nov 03 23:35:40 CST 2018, time=2018-11-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=351405, encodeId=7f5e351405a3, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=82311653708, createdName=医者仁心5538, createdTime=Sat Nov 03 20:19:13 CST 2018, time=2018-11-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=351382, encodeId=855635138205, content=支持!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=18741984753, createdName=smartxiuxiu, createdTime=Sat Nov 03 15:54:32 CST 2018, time=2018-11-03, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-11-03 克勤

    非常好

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1848637, encodeId=3b3b184863ee2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2977356edc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BMJ#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3567, encryptionId=2977356edc, topicName=BMJ)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=148754, createdName=gaoxiaoe, createdTime=Fri Mar 08 06:14:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2081066, encodeId=453c2081066d2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=846b20389cd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#不建议#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20389, encryptionId=846b20389cd, topicName=不建议)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c9d3459, createdName=周虎, createdTime=Thu Mar 28 20:14:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1497447, encodeId=0dd8149e4471f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=85715326639' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#感冒药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=53266, encryptionId=85715326639, topicName=感冒药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1fa19322371, createdName=whmdzju, createdTime=Mon Nov 05 06:14:00 CST 2018, time=2018-11-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=351473, encodeId=c0c03514e373, content=学习了,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20170701/IMG595791009FB761316.jpg, createdBy=abd01695121, createdName=吴教授, createdTime=Sun Nov 04 09:05:55 CST 2018, time=2018-11-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=351469, encodeId=8be33514692b, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f6512108074, createdName=1581f80970m, createdTime=Sun Nov 04 09:01:18 CST 2018, time=2018-11-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=351434, encodeId=122835143460, content=非常好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzXprUCFDMuY1SXH96r8MdtExF6fhSNLulicdUBcsodicYROXqf5icqDWFAOicfEqYtDcjL6HvrQrvmO1/0, createdBy=db841700299, createdName=克勤, createdTime=Sat Nov 03 23:35:40 CST 2018, time=2018-11-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=351405, encodeId=7f5e351405a3, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=82311653708, createdName=医者仁心5538, createdTime=Sat Nov 03 20:19:13 CST 2018, time=2018-11-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=351382, encodeId=855635138205, content=支持!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=18741984753, createdName=smartxiuxiu, createdTime=Sat Nov 03 15:54:32 CST 2018, time=2018-11-03, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-11-03 医者仁心5538

    学习了

    0

  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1848637, encodeId=3b3b184863ee2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2977356edc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BMJ#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3567, encryptionId=2977356edc, topicName=BMJ)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=148754, createdName=gaoxiaoe, createdTime=Fri Mar 08 06:14:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2081066, encodeId=453c2081066d2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=846b20389cd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#不建议#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20389, encryptionId=846b20389cd, topicName=不建议)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c9d3459, createdName=周虎, createdTime=Thu Mar 28 20:14:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1497447, encodeId=0dd8149e4471f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=85715326639' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#感冒药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=53266, encryptionId=85715326639, topicName=感冒药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1fa19322371, createdName=whmdzju, createdTime=Mon Nov 05 06:14:00 CST 2018, time=2018-11-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=351473, encodeId=c0c03514e373, content=学习了,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20170701/IMG595791009FB761316.jpg, createdBy=abd01695121, createdName=吴教授, createdTime=Sun Nov 04 09:05:55 CST 2018, time=2018-11-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=351469, encodeId=8be33514692b, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f6512108074, createdName=1581f80970m, createdTime=Sun Nov 04 09:01:18 CST 2018, time=2018-11-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=351434, encodeId=122835143460, content=非常好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzXprUCFDMuY1SXH96r8MdtExF6fhSNLulicdUBcsodicYROXqf5icqDWFAOicfEqYtDcjL6HvrQrvmO1/0, createdBy=db841700299, createdName=克勤, createdTime=Sat Nov 03 23:35:40 CST 2018, time=2018-11-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=351405, encodeId=7f5e351405a3, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=82311653708, createdName=医者仁心5538, createdTime=Sat Nov 03 20:19:13 CST 2018, time=2018-11-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=351382, encodeId=855635138205, content=支持!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=18741984753, createdName=smartxiuxiu, createdTime=Sat Nov 03 15:54:32 CST 2018, time=2018-11-03, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-11-03 smartxiuxiu

    支持!

    0

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