第十七届中国介入心脏病学大会(CIT2019)|傅向华:急性心肌梗死再灌注治疗与微循环保护进展

2019-03-31 Vina MedSci原创

心梗的最关键问题是挽救心肌,挽救心肌靠开通血管,开通血管的目的是要恢复有效的心肌再灌注。缩短心肌总缺血时间是介入手术的至上理念!有微循环,才有心肌,才有心肌灌注。有的病人有斑块,有的没有斑块。没有斑块的人可能是内壁损伤,也可以有严重的狭窄,或者严重的血栓,出现急性心梗。急性心梗(STEMI)的关键特征是:突然发生、完全阻断,是急性纤维蛋白红血栓发生发展的过程。必须抓住这个关键,结局是恢复有效的心肌

心梗的最关键问题是挽救心肌,挽救心肌靠开通血管,开通血管的目的是要恢复有效的心肌再灌注。缩短心肌总缺血时间是介入手术的至上理念!有微循环,才有心肌,才有心肌灌注。

有的病人有斑块,有的没有斑块。没有斑块的人可能是内壁损伤,也可以有严重的狭窄,或者严重的血栓,出现急性心梗。急性心梗(STEMI)的关键特征是:突然发生、完全阻断,是急性纤维蛋白红血栓发生发展的过程。必须抓住这个关键,结局是恢复有效的心肌再灌注。要避免血栓、消除血栓,做一个干净利索的PCI。


冠脉循环系统组成如图所示。功能血管是200μm以下的微循环,是组织能量转换代谢最重要的架构空间,有了微循环才有心肌,必须重视。开通大血管只是开通了传导血管,如果堵了微循环和小血管,即没有功能血管,是二次的毁损和打击。

必须再次重复,再灌注的靶目标是心肌微循环的有效恢复。

手术应考量更高的质量评价,即心肌微循环的恢复。




急性心肌梗死微循环损伤有两个基本环节:失灌注状态下 和 再灌注状态下。尤其再灌注状态下,血栓为主要原因。如何防治血栓是关键之关键,重点之重点。防治血栓首先要减少血栓的形成,肝素最重要,因为肝素减少血栓就等于减少了后续血栓栓塞的基础。如果做介入不早期抗凝、不早给肝素,对着血栓进行支架治疗是雪上加霜,后续微循环栓塞会更重。


特别强调,在整个灌注过程中必须以微循环为中心,以恢复微循环的灌注和保护微循环为最重要的靶目标和出发点。血流重于血管!灌注重于开通!如果上通下不达、上通下堵,将大循环的血栓挤到微循环中堵住,等于二次打击!要以恢复心肌灌注为标准来评价支架置入治疗。




存在普遍误区:重视PCI而不重视溶栓,两者间平衡发生偏颇,总体再灌注治疗比例发生下降。

在基础病生理认识上,特别是在于微循环的保护上,溶栓和PCI各有特点。

溶栓在时间上具有绝对优势:溶栓越早,心梗坏死面积越小;开得越早,保护得越好。

溶栓的另一个绝对优势在于其本质特点:生物化学溶解性、从有到无的开通和微循环的疏注作用。

溶栓(生物性)开通与PCI(物理性)开通,本质上就不同。生物化学性--从有到无,如冰融成水;机械物理性--从大到小,总体积不变,会流入微循环,造成远端微循环的阻塞,造成二次毁损。必须明确,早期肝素和溶栓的结合,是防治微循环障碍(特别是急性心梗)最关键的一项措施。溶栓是大中小血管全溶,正逆向全开通,对微循环有改善作用,对很多严重病变或许更有利。

临床研究证明很多微循环栓塞的存在,是心肌梗死的主要病因之一。必须深刻再认识、再理解、再评价溶栓治疗,也是微循环的保护治疗。

现代溶栓剂与过去溶栓剂大大不同。3代纤溶酶靶向性好,开通率高,有很多优势。



溶栓比PCI的弱势是对固定斑块没有作用,可能出现二次再梗塞。因此早期肝素溶栓是一条龙的,从整体上优化治疗。早期肝素溶栓的重要性:从根本上消除了主要导致冠脉微循环障碍无复流的机制。

心肌梗死治疗的至高理念:缩短总缺血时间。要优化治疗措施,将早期溶栓和PCI结合起来。


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    2019-11-22 lq1777
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    2019-04-20 qblt
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