Xp11.2易位/TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌1例

2019-09-22 黄晓旗 李建龙 医学影像学杂志

患者女,18岁。以“无痛性肉眼血尿伴左侧腰痛半月”入院。既往体健,查体:左肾区饱满,压痛、叩击痛阳性。实验室检查尿潜血+++。

患者女,18岁。以“无痛性肉眼血尿伴左侧腰痛半月”入院。既往体健,查体:左肾区饱满,压痛、叩击痛阳性。实验室检查尿潜血+++。
 
CTU显示左肾下极可见约8.7 cm×6.8 cm不规则混杂密度肿块,局部向肾门及肾外突起,病灶密度不均匀,内部可见坏死、出血,边缘可见环形高密度影(图1),增强扫描:肿块皮质期(图2)不均匀中度强化,髓质期(图3)强化程度轻度减低,延迟期(图4)强化程度进一步减低,髓质期及延迟期强化程度均低于肾脏实质密度。腹主动脉与左肾间可见肿大淋巴结,淋巴结CT平扫密度与肿瘤相仿,边缘亦可见环形钙化影,增强扫描:皮质期明显均匀强化,髓质期及延迟期强化程度减低与肿瘤实性成分强化相仿。考虑左肾下极肾癌伴腹膜后肿大淋巴结。





图1CT平扫:左肾下极不规则混杂密度肿块,局部向肾外及肾门突起,内部密度不均匀,可见坏死、出血,边缘可见环形高密度影(白箭);图2~4肿块皮质期不均匀中度强化,髓质期强化程度轻度减低,延迟期强化进一步减低;图1~4中腹主动脉与左肾间可见肿大淋巴结(黑箭头),平扫边缘可见环形钙化,平扫密度及强化方式与肾脏肿瘤相仿,但皮质期稍高于肿瘤实性成分
 
手术与病理:肾脏下极可见8 cm×8 cm×7 cm的肿物,切除后送病理。切面灰红色质脆,局部组织坏死,肾门淋巴结查见转移癌(8/9)。镜下:肿瘤细胞呈巢状、乳头状及网状排列,胞质丰富、透明,核仁明显,未见明显核分裂象(图5,6),肿瘤间质可见大量沙砾体。免疫组化:TFE3弱(+)、PAX-8(-)、HMB45(-)、MelanA(-)、S-100(-)、CD10(+)、Vim(+)、EMA局灶(+)、CK7局灶(+)、P504S局部(+)、CD117局灶(+)、Ki-67<1%(+)。



图5,6肿瘤细胞呈乳头状、巢状及片状排列,胞质丰富、透明,胞界清楚,核仁明显(HE×100)
 
讨论:
 
Xp11.2易位/TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌是一种罕见类型肾细胞癌亚型,2016年WHO新版分类将t(6;11)肾癌和Xp11.2易位/TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌一起归入MiT家族易位肾细胞癌,简称Xp11.2易位性肾癌。本病发病率低,常见于儿童和年轻人。特点是Xp11.2染色体位点的易位,使转录因子TFE3显著表达,形成新的融合产物参与下游信号途径的调节,促使这种特殊类型肾癌的发生。
 
文献报道Xp11.2易位性肾癌常伴有肉眼血尿、腰痛及腹部肿块等症状,但这三种临床表现同时具备较少见。组织病理学:肿瘤可见坏死和出血。肿瘤细胞一般呈乳头状、巢状及片状排列,胞质丰富,腺泡一般杂乱不规则、可见基底膜样物质围绕,肿巢细胞周围可见沙砾体,肿瘤染色体位点异位,导致TFE3蛋白高度表达,其敏感性高达97.5%,特异性99.6%。免疫组化表达TFE、CD10可与其它类型肾癌鉴别。
 
荧光原位杂交技术(FISH)可以协助对本病的诊断临床中如果TFE3、CD10(+)者,可结合这种技术。分析部分文献,CT表现平扫有以下特征:1)肿块常单发,多发和双肾同时发生未见报道;2)肿块形态有的规则或不规则,若体积大时,容易侵犯集合系统;3)瘤体多呈混杂密度,内部可有囊变、坏死及出血,平扫CT值一般大于正常肾脏实质;4)肿块内部或边缘常可见点线样、片状钙化,是Xp11.2异位性肾癌一个特别重要的征象,但不是特异性征象,肾乳头状细胞癌也可见钙化;5)大部分文献报道Xp11.2异位性肾癌增强扫描:皮质期呈不均匀中度强化,髓质期及延迟期持续强化或强化程度轻度减低,但各期强化程度均低于肾皮质;6)腹膜后淋巴结转移为最常见转移方式,但也有肺、肝等转移。
 
本病临床及影像学表现基本与文献报道相符合,但笔者发现本例腹膜后肿大淋巴结边缘环形钙化,这是常见淋巴结转移中少见征象,且本例淋巴结无论平扫与强化方式均与肿瘤实性成分相仿,笔者认为肿瘤同侧淋巴结转移及这种淋巴结异常密度和强化方式对本病可能有一定的诊断价值。Xp11.2易位性肾癌镜下肿瘤细胞与肾透明细胞癌与乳头状肾细胞癌细胞类型相似,因此影像学需要与这两种肾细胞癌相鉴别,黄振通过对病理证实12例Xp11.2易位性肾癌与302例肾透明细胞癌对比分析,结果Xp11.2异位肾癌平扫密度稍高,且高于肾透明细胞癌,病灶多见钙化与不均质。徐晓晨等肾透明细胞癌组的平均CT值增强量(31.75±14.73)HU明显大于Xp11.2易位性肾癌组(88.30±31.91)HU(P<0.01),有助于两种疾病的鉴别;乳头状肾细胞癌为乏血供肿瘤,密度相对均匀,强化幅度明显低于XP11.2异位肾癌。
 
原始出处:

黄晓旗,李建龙.Xp11.2易位/TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌1例[J].医学影像学杂志,2018,28(05):732+736.

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    2019-09-24 licz0427