Acta Neuropathologica: 朊病毒在vCJD和sCJD患者外周组织中广泛分布

2021-03-13 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

传染性海绵状脑病(TSEs)或称朊病毒病,是一种致命的神经退行性疾病。

传染性海绵状脑病(TSEs)或称朊病毒病,是一种致命的神经退行性疾病。朊病毒传播主要是正常细胞朊病毒蛋白(PrPC)在受感染个体的大脑和其他组织中转化为异常的疾病相关亚型(PrPSc)。PrPC被蛋白酶K(PK)完全降解,而PrPSc被N端截短,产生一个称为PrPres的PK抗性核心。

在人类中,克雅氏病(CJD)是一种发病率低的疾病(每年每1百万人中约有1例),通常以散发(sCJD)或家族/遗传(fCJD)的形式出现。尽管家族性疾病与人类朊蛋白基因(PRNP)的致病性突变有关,但尚未发现散发性疾病的明确流行病学危险因素。在缺乏可能解释sCJD发生的可识别的外部来源的情况下,目前认为这种疾病是由受累个体大脑中自发和随机形成的错误折叠的PrP核引发的。

而在1996年,在人类中发现了一种新的CJD,称为变异CJD(vCJD)。vCJD被证明是由导致牛海绵状脑病的朊病毒株引起的,这不同于任何已鉴定的sCJD朊病毒株。目前已经证实vCJD出现后,在受累和无症状的患者中,vCJD药物在大量的外周组织中积聚,包括淋巴器官和血液。根据这些发现,国际卫生当局认为通过手术和医疗程序传播vCJD的风险是严重的,因此采取了旨在限制医源性vCJD传播风险的系统预防措施。

与vCJD形成鲜明对比的是,先前对sCJD患者进行的研究显示,外周组织中PrPSc水平低或不一致,或者检测不到PrPSc。这些发现形成了一个普遍的共识,即在非中枢神经系统侵入性临床操作的框架内传播sCJD的风险很低。然而,在对表达人PrP基因并对sCJD表现出高度敏感性的转基因小鼠的生物测定中表明,在几名sCJD患者的血浆和骨髓中存在朊病毒感染性。这些结果对朊病毒传染性的总体分布以及与sCJD患者其他外周组织相关的传播风险提出了质疑。

在这项研究中,研究人员系统地测量了从vCJD和sCJD患者收集的中枢神经系统和外周组织中的朊病毒感染水平。正如预期的那样,这些生物测定表明,vCJD患者的淋巴组织中存在一致的传染性滴度。然而,对于所研究的非淋巴样外周组织,在sCJD和vCJD患者中均检测到可变和较低的传染性滴度。这些发现可能会影响我们对sCJD涉及非中枢神经系统侵入性手术的潜在传播风险的认识。

综上所述,在感染sCJD患者的外周组织中,朊病毒的早期积累和感染性仍存在许多不确定因素,与sCJD外周组织相关的医源性传播风险不容忽视。

Douet, JY., Huor, A., Cassard, H. et al. Wide distribution of prion infectivity in the peripheral tissues of vCJD and sCJD patients. Acta Neuropathol 141, 383–397 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-021-02270-x

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    2021-12-21 windight
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    2021-06-25 yb6560

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