Science“力挺”Nature:新型“魔剪”CRISPR,仅“改写”单个核苷酸!

2016-08-06 头条号 / 生物探索 头条号(今日头条旗下创作平台)

CRISPR系统是目前生命科学领域最热门的技术之一。全球科学家也在积极推进基于这一技术的临床试验,希望能够将其用于解决人类健康问题。然而,这一系统的转化应用仍需克服脱靶效应等技术限制。近日,发表了在Science上的一项研究中,日本神户大学的科学家们开发了一种新型CRISPR系统,可对单个核苷酸进行修改,实现更精准的基因编辑。 8月4日,发表在《科学》(Science)杂志上的这项研

CRISPR系统是目前生命科学领域最热门的技术之一。全球科学家也在积极推进基于这一技术的临床试验,希望能够将其用于解决人类健康问题。然而,这一系统的转化应用仍需克服脱靶效应等技术限制。近日,发表了在Science上的一项研究中,日本神户大学的科学家们开发了一种新型CRISPR系统,可对单个核苷酸进行修改,实现更精准的基因编辑。 



8月4日,发表在《科学》(Science)杂志上的这项研究中,日本神户大学的Akihiko Kondo教授带领的科学家小组通过将一种被修饰过的Cas9酶与来源于七鳃鳗(sea lamprey)免疫系统中一种酶结合,找到了编辑单一DNA核苷酸的新方法。 

简单来说,利用脱氨酶,研究人员创建了一种修改版的CRISPR/Cas9。这种新版本的系统能够避免有害的双链切割,最小化CRISPR/Cas9技术引入的附带突变(collateral mutation),并且,不需要添加DNA模板。 



 Akihiko Kondo 教授 (图片来源:http://www.csrs.riken.jp/en/labs/cfrt/index.html)

目标:创建更精准的基因编辑工具 

借助传统的CRISPR/Cas9系统,研究人员是通过引入Cas9酶到细胞中编辑DNA序列,从而产生双链切割;同时,细胞会利用引入的DNA模板修复缺口。这一编辑过程是依赖细胞的同源重组机制,但包括非同源性末端接合(NHEJ)在内的其它机制会阻碍修复过程,常常导致不必要的、不精确的插入和删除。 

为了创建一个更加精准的工具,Kondo和他的同事选择了两种修饰过的Cas9,分别与来自七鳃鳗的激活诱导胞嘧啶核苷脱氨酶(activation-induced cytidine deaminase ,AID)进行了融合。一种是核酸酶失活版Cas9(nuclease-dead Cas9),这种版本的Cas9不能够“切开”双链DNA;另一种是切口酶版Cas9(nickase Cas9),这种版本的Cas9能够产生一个缺口,即切割DNA单链。

AID的作用通常是会使免疫球蛋白和抗体基因产生突变,形成免疫系统的多样性。具体来说,AID只对单链DNA发挥作用,能够将胞嘧啶(C)替换为尿嘧啶(U)。 

验证:两种新型复合物是否有效 



 Complex formation of dCas9-gRNA and PmCDA1 induces targeted mutation 

两种系统都“很好” 

研究人员在缺乏内生AID样系统(AID-like system)的芽殖酵母中验证了这两种新型复合物的基因编辑能力。结果发现,当蛋白质复合物借助向导RNA靶向CAN1基因时,CAN1的突变频率比“非靶向”的基因增加了1000倍。 

通过全基因组测序,研究人员发现,这种方法带来的脱靶突变很少。该研究的第一作者Keiji Nishida说:“这种脱靶突变率是可以接受的,比自然的背景突变率(natural background mutation rate)高不到10倍”。 

研究人员还证明,将两种不同的导向RNAs和Cas9-AID复合物一起表达,能够同时“编辑”两个基因。这一基因编辑复合物在哺乳动物细胞系中也能发挥很好的效果,导致相对较少的脱靶突变。

此外,在酵母中,与表达标准CRISPR/Cas9系统的细胞相比,表达这两种基因编辑复合物的细胞都生长的更好。这一结果表明,这种新的基因编辑工具毒性也更低。 

谁更好?

科学们还发现,与“nuclease-dead Cas9-AID”复合物相比,“nickase Cas9-AID”复合物的基因编辑效率略高些。它是在发生核苷酸替换相反的DNA链上创建一个小“缺口”。 

是否能更好? 

为了进一步修饰,研究人员将Cas9-AID这一复合物与另外一种酶(尿嘧啶DNA糖基化酶抑制剂)联系起来。这种酶的“加入”增加了Cas9-AID复合物形成“C to T”替换,以及最小化无意缺失突变产生(在哺乳动物细胞系中)的效率。 



回顾:Nature曾发表类似技术首项研究 

事实上,这是关于编辑单个碱基的CRISPR系统的第二篇报道。 

2016年4月20日,发表在Nature上的一项研究中,哈佛大学化学生物学教授David Liu带领的研究小组利用不同的脱氨酶(来自大鼠)率先发表了相似的技术。科学家们报告称,一种经改造的CRISPR基因编辑系统能够赋予研究者们有效改变给定基因中单个DNA碱基的能力。 

近几年,CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑系统被全球科学家们广泛应用,然而尽管很容易用它改变基因的功能,但是修复点突变一直是个未解的难题。Liu说:“这些点突变非常重要。事实证明,大多数与遗传变异相关的疾病都是点突变。” 

对于Science发表的这一成果,他表示:“当一个重要的发现被重复时,对一个领域是很大的鼓舞,也会帮助领域的继续发展。” 



两种技术的对比 

Science上发表的这一Cas9-AID复合物系统被命名为Target-AID复合物。它具有很高的特异性,能够对目标基因中3到5个碱基对窗口(window)内的胞嘧啶(C)进行修改。

 Liu表示,他们对突变窗口(mutation window)如此窄非常惊讶。相比之下,他的团队报告的基因编辑系统能够作用的突变窗口介于3-6个核苷酸之间。 

他说:“要想发挥最大的作用,这种碱基编辑窗口不能太宽,也不能太窄。因此,这两种方法可以给研究人员更多的选择。” 

展望:如何“走向”临床? 

哈佛大学的遗传学大牛George Church表示,这些脱氨酶解决了大部分先前已有的基因编辑方法(包括TALENSs、ZFN和Cas9)存在的最大问题,即真正所需的 “基因编辑”会与通过NHEJ机制产生的随机插入和删除存在竞争。此外,这种基于脱氨酶的系统还降低了双键切割带来的毒性。

开发这种工具临床应用的一个关键问题是,进一步检查突变脱靶效应。另一个需要考虑的问题是,如何特异性的靶向目标序列中的单个“C”,而不影响邻近的“C”。

Kondo表示,他的团队将开展进一步的工作,将Cas9与其它酶进行结合,创建一个全系列的DNA编辑工具包,实现4个核苷酸替换之间的任意组合。 

备注:本文部分内容编译自The-scientist,原标题“CRISPR: NoCutting Required”。 

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    2017-05-09 仁心济世
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    2016-12-27 xsm918
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  4. 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topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Sun Aug 07 12:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96721, encodeId=f79e96e2141, content=学习起来, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Sun Aug 07 12:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96722, encodeId=8df596e229c, content=学习起来, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Sun Aug 07 12:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-08 yuandd
  5. 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topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Sun Aug 07 12:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-08 jichang
  6. 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topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Sun Aug 07 12:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96721, encodeId=f79e96e2141, content=学习起来, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Sun Aug 07 12:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96722, encodeId=8df596e229c, content=学习起来, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Sun Aug 07 12:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-08 jyzxjiangqin

    科学研究,前沿问题

    0

  7. 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topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Sun Aug 07 12:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96721, encodeId=f79e96e2141, content=学习起来, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Sun Aug 07 12:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96722, encodeId=8df596e229c, content=学习起来, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Sun Aug 07 12:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-07 waxibin

    好好学习

    0

  8. 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objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Mon Aug 08 06:19:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96743, encodeId=e0e096e43b6, content=好好学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=87df1446011, createdName=waxibin, createdTime=Sun Aug 07 14:59:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96720, encodeId=02dc96e2052, content=学习起来, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Sun Aug 07 12:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96721, encodeId=f79e96e2141, content=学习起来, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Sun Aug 07 12:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96722, encodeId=8df596e229c, content=学习起来, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Sun Aug 07 12:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-07 Guoxj3234

    学习起来

    0

  9. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1881240, encodeId=e37b1881240b3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=仁心济世, createdTime=Tue May 09 19:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-05-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1945604, encodeId=ae3419456048d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a9fa62150e8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#核苷酸#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=62150, 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objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Mon Aug 08 06:19:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96743, encodeId=e0e096e43b6, content=好好学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=87df1446011, createdName=waxibin, createdTime=Sun Aug 07 14:59:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96720, encodeId=02dc96e2052, content=学习起来, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Sun Aug 07 12:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96721, encodeId=f79e96e2141, content=学习起来, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Sun Aug 07 12:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96722, encodeId=8df596e229c, content=学习起来, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Sun Aug 07 12:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-07 Guoxj3234

    学习起来

    0

  10. 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topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Sun Aug 07 12:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-07 Guoxj3234

    学习起来

    0

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