Nature:BRCA1突变真是乳腺和卵巢的“致癌炸弹”吗?科学家利用CRISPR终于揭开了数千种变异的意义

2018-10-21 奇点糕 奇点网

近日,美国华盛顿大学的Jay Shendure和Lea Starita博士终于为我们带来了走出困境的希望。他们通过一种“饱和基因组编辑”的方法,明确解释了BRCA1基因上近4000种变异类型的含义。这可以为女性癌症的预防和治疗做出更加有效的指导,减少女性罹患乳腺癌和卵巢癌的风险。

近日,美国华盛顿大学的Jay Shendure和Lea Starita博士终于为我们带来了走出困境的希望。他们通过一种“饱和基因组编辑”的方法,明确解释了BRCA1基因上近4000种变异类型的含义。这可以为女性癌症的预防和治疗做出更加有效的指导,减少女性罹患乳腺癌卵巢癌的风险。

并且,这种新开辟的方法可能大大推动对各种基因变异的研究,扩展到其他癌症,完善各类基因检测项目。该成果发表在近期的顶级学术期刊《自然》上。


左为Jay 博士,右为Lea博士

BRCA1基因之所以会含有这么多种类型的变异,是因为它是一个总长81kbp的巨无霸基因。碱基数多,发生变异的概率自然也就大了。

而BRCA1基因的功能恰恰又非常重要。这个基因主要在乳腺以及其他组织中表达,负责DNA的修复工作,能防止基因变异。若BRCA1因变异而失去功能,会诱发大量基因变异,使得肿瘤的发病风险大大增加。

正因为如此,科学家才会非常关心BRCA1基因上的变异。但是,现有两种评估基因变异的作用的方法,对大部分BRCA1的变异都不适用。

第一种方法是结合基因测序,在临床病人中反复观察某种变异对癌症的作用,以评估其功能。这需要一定数量的临床样本。然而,BRCA1基因变异的类型有数千种之多,而携带某一种特定类型变异的患者的数量可能很少,临床数据不足以对这些罕见变异的功能进行评估。

第二种是通过实验手段,检测携带变异的基因对其所参与的信号通路的影响。但是,通过生化实验或者在细胞中基于cDNA进行实验,都无法准确代表其在体内的作用,何况还有很多变异是在非编码区的。而且,还不停有新的变异被发现,用实验进行评估的脚步跟不上新变异出现的速度。


BRCA1蛋白结构

由于这些原因,我们一直不能理解BRCA1基因上大量变异的意义,让很多有害的变异逍遥法外,为祸一方。对此,Jay Shendure和Lea Starita两位科学家试图改变这个局面。

既然携带特定某种变异的癌症病人数量可能很少,而且还不停有新的变异被发现。那么是否可以在细胞中人为制造各种变异(包括之前未发现的变异),然后评价其作用呢?CRISPR/ Cas9系统所拥有的基因组编辑能力,为科学家们提供了这种可能。

制造变异不是问题,剩下的问题就是如何评价每种变异的作用了。

这同样也难不倒科学家们。

BRCA1基因对一种叫HAP1的人类单倍体细胞系至关重要,BRCA1的功能缺失会严重影响HAP1的生存能力。因而,可以通过测定HAP1细胞的生存状况,评估某种特定变异对BRCA1基因功能的影响。

制造变异和评估变异能力理论上都没问题了,那就开始干吧。


实验流程

研究者们精心挑选了大量BRCA1基因位点,都属于该基因的要害部位。对于每一个位点,他们都通过CRISPR/ Cas9系统在2000万个HAP1细胞中进行编辑,制造变异。

随后,将这些细胞培养特定的时间,分别评估这些基因变异给细胞造成的影响,进行量化评分。他们一共得到了3893个基因变异的功能评分。通过评分来判断该基因变异是良性的还是具有致病性的。

当然,这个“饱和基因组编辑”评分的可靠性,还要经过实践来检验。

在这些制造的变异中,有很多变异的作用在临床中是已知的。研究者们将其功能评分与已知结果进行比较,发现他们的评分对致病性预测的准确率令人赞叹,AUC高达0.983!


通过评分预测的结果与已知结果重合率高得出奇

研究人员曾怀疑过HAP1细胞的生存试验是否能代表真实的生理状态,但超过95%的预测准确率无疑打消了这种疑虑。

这表明,通过“饱和基因组编辑”评分区分基因变异的致病性是可靠的。

作者表示,他们研究的结果对临床也具有指导意义。例如,BIC(The Breast Cancer Information Core)数据库中对BRCA1基因上的很多变异的解释是互相矛盾的,而本实验得到的结果可能可以更新现有的数据库。

当然,研究人员表示这次只评估了BRCA1基因重要位点的变异,接下来两年,他们要将评估范围扩大到整个基因。届时,我们对该基因的变异将有更加全面的了解。

目前,他们正在通过Brotman Baty数据库迅速发布新获得的基因变异的信息,以帮助患者和临床医生弄清楚测序结果的意义。Starita博士希望这个数据库能继续扩大,以便于第一时间能为女性做出指导。

现在虽然已经能够非常方便的得到测序数据,但绝大部分基因变异的功能都没有被阐释,大大限制了基因组医学的发展。而这个方法提供了一个解决这个问题的机会。

Jay博士表示,他们将继续利用“饱和基因组编辑”技术研究其他癌症的风险基因,测试更多罕见突变对人类健康的影响。

希望“饱和基因组编辑”技术能为我们阐释更多基因和基因变异的功能,推动功能基因组时代的进程,让更多的人收益。

原始出处:Findlay GM1, Daza RM1, Martin B1, et al. Accurate classification of BRCA1 variants with saturation genome editing. Nature. 2018 Oct;562(7726):217-222.

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    2018-11-29 liye789132251
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    2019-01-18 zcsglh

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

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    2018-10-24 1e145228m78(暂无匿称)

    学习了,谢谢作者分享!

    0

  4. 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    2018-10-22 yuandd
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encryptionId=755d5211a0, topicName=CRISPR)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=583c133, createdName=yuandd, createdTime=Mon Oct 22 17:06:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1342524, encodeId=5e5713425240b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=34cb381023e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#变异#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=38102, encryptionId=34cb381023e, topicName=变异)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=78c32500188, createdName=12498dabm77暂无昵称, createdTime=Mon Oct 22 17:06:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1370962, encodeId=b79013e0962d4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9c39864991e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#致癌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, 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href='/topic/show?id=63cc368459' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BRCA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3684, encryptionId=63cc368459, topicName=BRCA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a12645, createdName=智智灵药, createdTime=Mon Oct 22 17:06:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=350054, encodeId=9c7435005413, content=学习了谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLbTp9nZtjwVrSZNxAXbAicnKQWnic2eBdJUQYhxO36XdkstSicr7FVF8p5ReH4omtmsbnLdvZLiaJJ1A/132, createdBy=8bff2327056, createdName=kafei, createdTime=Sun Oct 21 11:32:25 CST 2018, time=2018-10-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=350009, encodeId=b7d735000999, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1bb241978, createdName=phoebeyan520, createdTime=Sun Oct 21 02:48:16 CST 2018, time=2018-10-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-10-22 jambiya
  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1883363, encodeId=6abc188336379, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Thu Nov 29 22:06:00 CST 2018, time=2018-11-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=358495, encodeId=95f135849529, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/hS7HFnXXnibS5gUOHMUd65m2V5tnLKnnTZzicawicMgmmkWL3iccXX5k4fWbicXsqVF1ZNcwyTvP6tDe9iaE6uZ4FuBA/132, createdBy=dc7b1736699, 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encryptionId=755d5211a0, topicName=CRISPR)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=583c133, createdName=yuandd, createdTime=Mon Oct 22 17:06:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1342524, encodeId=5e5713425240b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=34cb381023e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#变异#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=38102, encryptionId=34cb381023e, topicName=变异)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=78c32500188, createdName=12498dabm77暂无昵称, createdTime=Mon Oct 22 17:06:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1370962, encodeId=b79013e0962d4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9c39864991e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#致癌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, 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href='/topic/show?id=63cc368459' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BRCA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3684, encryptionId=63cc368459, topicName=BRCA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a12645, createdName=智智灵药, createdTime=Mon Oct 22 17:06:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=350054, encodeId=9c7435005413, content=学习了谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLbTp9nZtjwVrSZNxAXbAicnKQWnic2eBdJUQYhxO36XdkstSicr7FVF8p5ReH4omtmsbnLdvZLiaJJ1A/132, createdBy=8bff2327056, createdName=kafei, createdTime=Sun Oct 21 11:32:25 CST 2018, time=2018-10-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), 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  8. 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href='/topic/show?id=63cc368459' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BRCA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3684, encryptionId=63cc368459, topicName=BRCA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a12645, createdName=智智灵药, createdTime=Mon Oct 22 17:06:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=350054, encodeId=9c7435005413, content=学习了谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLbTp9nZtjwVrSZNxAXbAicnKQWnic2eBdJUQYhxO36XdkstSicr7FVF8p5ReH4omtmsbnLdvZLiaJJ1A/132, createdBy=8bff2327056, createdName=kafei, createdTime=Sun Oct 21 11:32:25 CST 2018, time=2018-10-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=350009, encodeId=b7d735000999, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1bb241978, createdName=phoebeyan520, createdTime=Sun Oct 21 02:48:16 CST 2018, time=2018-10-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-10-22 智智灵药
  9. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1883363, encodeId=6abc188336379, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Thu Nov 29 22:06:00 CST 2018, time=2018-11-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=358495, encodeId=95f135849529, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/hS7HFnXXnibS5gUOHMUd65m2V5tnLKnnTZzicawicMgmmkWL3iccXX5k4fWbicXsqVF1ZNcwyTvP6tDe9iaE6uZ4FuBA/132, createdBy=dc7b1736699, 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href='/topic/show?id=63cc368459' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BRCA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3684, encryptionId=63cc368459, topicName=BRCA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a12645, createdName=智智灵药, createdTime=Mon Oct 22 17:06:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=350054, encodeId=9c7435005413, content=学习了谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLbTp9nZtjwVrSZNxAXbAicnKQWnic2eBdJUQYhxO36XdkstSicr7FVF8p5ReH4omtmsbnLdvZLiaJJ1A/132, createdBy=8bff2327056, createdName=kafei, createdTime=Sun Oct 21 11:32:25 CST 2018, time=2018-10-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=350009, encodeId=b7d735000999, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1bb241978, createdName=phoebeyan520, createdTime=Sun Oct 21 02:48:16 CST 2018, time=2018-10-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-10-21 kafei

    学习了谢谢

    0

  10. 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    2018-10-21 phoebeyan520

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