成人Kasabach-Merritt综合征1例报道

2015-12-13 翟吉良 中华骨与关节外科杂志

作者:中国医学科学院北京协和医学院北京协和医院骨科  翟吉良患者资料患者,女,45岁,2012年1月起无明显诱因逐渐出现左大腿皮下肿物,伴瘀斑形成,影响活动。2012年8月外院就诊,PT:13.4s,APTT:40.3s,Fbg:3.26g/L,左大腿MRI提示血管瘤可能(图1),行“左大腿肿物切除术”,术后病理:(大腿)肌间血管瘤伴变性改变。此后患者相继出现右大腿、右肘关节、双侧臀

作者:中国医学科学院北京协和医学院北京协和医院骨科  翟吉良


患者资料


患者,女,45岁,20121月起无明显诱因逐渐出现左大腿皮下肿物,伴瘀斑形成,影响活动。20128月外院就诊,PT13.4sAPTT40.3sFbg3.26g/L,左大腿MRI提示血管瘤可能(图1),行“左大腿肿物切除术”,术后病理:(大腿)肌间血管瘤伴变性改变。


此后患者相继出现右大腿、右肘关节、双侧臀部皮下肿物,伴瘀斑形成,再次外院就诊,HGB60g/LPLT80×109/LRET%15.77%PT16.9sFbg1.1g/LD-二聚体:>20μg/mlCD55/CD59细胞(-),Coombs试验(-),PML/RARα融合基因(-),骨髓涂片示增生性贫血、血小板减少,考虑“溶血性贫血”,予氨甲环酸、甲强龙治疗,患者感症状好转,后予丹参川穹嗪输液治疗,患者感皮下肿物增大,肿痛加重,查PTAPTTFbg无法测出,PTAPTT纠正后可正常,立即停用丹参,予冷沉淀10个单位输注,感肌肉肿痛好转。


201211月患者因右前臂肿物压迫出现右手麻木于我院就诊,超声报告肿物大小约4CM×3.5CM×3CM,位于屈腕肌群之间。肌电图提示右正中神经损害,HGB99g/LPLT58×109/LPT>70sAPTT34.4sINR1.62RFbg:<0.4g/LD-二聚体:89.88μg/LPTAPTT纠正后均正常,凝血因子浓度正常,Coombs(-)LAACL-),结合MRI诊断考虑“Kasabach-Merritt综合征、右正中神经损伤”。术前给予泼尼松、血浆、血小板和纤维蛋白原输注治疗,患者于20121214日行“右前臂血肿清除+正中神经探查术”,术后麻木症状缓解,于20141224日出院。出院后长期口服华法林3.75mg,每日1次;云南白药0.5g,每日4次;沙利度胺75mg,每日1次;长春新碱2mg,肌注,每月2次。出院后1个月患者因右腕血肿形成、伤口愈合不良再次入院,在内科治疗基础上伤口换药2个月后痊愈。


20133月起患者自觉右大腿肿物增大、硬度增加、右下肢酸胀疼痛进行性加重。201410月患者感下肢酸痛影响行走、强烈要求手术,故以“Kasabach-Merritt综合征;右大腿肿物”收入院。查体可见右大腿前方肿物,大小24CM×16CM,触之质韧,皮温正常,无压痛;右大腿后方及内侧另可触及2个质韧肿物,大小20CM×20CM;躯干、左臀部、左大腿可触及多个肿物。术前查凝血及全血细胞正常。骨盆MRI:右侧股四头肌、左侧臀大肌及双侧腰大肌多发异常信号,符合Kasabach-Merritt综合征相关血管瘤伴血肿,左侧髂骨多发异常信号,考虑卡梅综合征相关溶骨性病变(图2)。




术前请血液科会诊,停用华法林4d以上,并用低分子肝素抗凝,准备新鲜冰冻血浆。血管造影提示并拟行血栓栓塞,但由于血管较细、无法栓塞。患者于20141014日行“右大腿前方肿物切除术”,术中见两枚串珠状囊实性包块,切开后可见陈旧血性液体流出(图3)。术中出血约1000ml(含陈旧血),输红细胞2U,自体血302ml,未输异体血。术后继续给予低分子肝素抗凝,并逐渐过渡到华法令,患者恢复顺利、未发生出血、血肿形成、伤口不愈合等并发症。术后病理:血管瘤伴血栓形成,周边纤维组织增生。患者为进一步改善活动能力,于20141216日行“右大腿内侧及左臀部肿物切除术”,术中出血约800ml,未输血,围手术期处理同上次住院,术后患者恢复顺利。


讨论


Kasabach-Merritt综合征,由KasabachMerritt1940年首先报道,定义为在血管瘤病变的基础上,出现血小板减少、微血管溶血性贫血和消耗性凝血功能障碍。Kasabach-Merritt综合征约占血管瘤的1%,表现为巨大血管瘤和严重血小板减少症导致多器官出血、危及生命,死亡率可达50%,死亡原因为DIC加重。其引起严重凝血障碍的机制如下:血小板流经迂曲的瘤壁时被机械性破坏;血管内皮细胞对血小板的吞噬以及自身产生大量抗血小板抗体,导致血小板消耗;大量血液长期淤滞在畸形扩张的血管腔中,导致血小板与各种凝血因子活化,形成微小血栓;损伤或手术进一步刺激血管内膜释放组织因子,诱发DIC;异常血管内皮细胞释放大量的组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(tPA)引起高纤溶状态。


诊断标准:①皮肤或内脏血管瘤;②血小板减少和消耗性凝血障碍;③B超、CTMRI确认为血管瘤;④排除其他病因,如脾亢或特发性血小板减少性紫癜。本例患者表现为多发皮下肿物,伴瘀斑形成,初诊时查凝血功能功能成障碍、血小板减少并排除其他出血性疾病,MRI及病理学检查均提示血管瘤,因而诊断Kasabach-Merritt综合征。患者围手术期给予激素、华法令等治疗可控制出血发生,符合该综合征的特点。80%Kasabach-Merritt综合征发生于1岁儿童,成人少见,但如果凝血障碍较轻,患者可存活较长时间,因而在成人也可发生。本例患者43岁发病,相对罕见。


Kasabach-Merritt综合征的治疗存在很大挑战,目前没有形成共识。治疗目标是控制凝血障碍和血小板减少以及切除血管瘤。非手术治疗包括激素、栓塞、放疗和多种药物,激素和栓塞,若无效可考虑长春新碱;手术限于出现症状或存在合并症的患者。选择手术或非手术治疗应根据患者凝血功能障碍程度、术前药物治疗效果和患者一般情况而定。如果没有压迫症状,Kasabach-Merritt综合征的治疗主要为支持治疗以维持凝血正常,并不需要切除血管瘤。一旦出现压迫症状,则需要尽早切除血管瘤。边缘切除肿瘤预后最好,但由于出血、肿瘤范围和部位特殊,常常难以完整切除肿瘤。


围手术期充分准备是手术治疗成功的前提。术前应进行肝素化,输入洗涤红细胞、冰冻血浆和冷沉淀以纠正凝血障碍,使纤维蛋白原水平大于150mg/dl,血小板浓度大于100/CM2,红细胞压积大于25%PT在正常2~3s内。本例患者在我院第一次住院时存在贫血以及凝血功能障碍,术前给予泼尼松、血浆、血小板和纤维蛋白原以及红细胞输注治疗纠正凝血障碍和贫血,术后出现伤口愈合不良,经换药后痊愈,未发生其他严重并发症。出院后继续给予口服华法林、肌注长春新碱等药物治疗。


患者于我院第二次住院时,血小板、凝血功能均正常,术前给予低分子肝素治疗,备新鲜冰冻血浆,术中给予自体血回输,术后继续皮下注射低分子肝素,一周后并逐渐过渡到口服华法令,患者恢复顺利。患者第三次住院时采取相同准备,术后未发生任何并发症。结合本例患者诊治经验及文献,笔者认为,术前应采用糖皮质激素、免疫抑制剂、低分子肝素替代以及输注血浆等纠正凝血功能障碍,以免出现大出血、DIC等严重并发症。糖皮质激素可明显收缩血管、抑制纤维蛋白的溶解(通过抑制纤维蛋白溶酶原的活性和增强纤维蛋白溶酶原活性剂的抑制作用)、增加血小板的寿命和抑制血管增生的作用。长春新碱能使瘤细胞和血管内皮细胞凋亡,减少对血小板的破坏并促成血小板生成和释放。


来源:中华骨与关节外科杂志201510月第8卷第5

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    2016-06-03 lvygwyt2781
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    2016-01-28 surilei
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    2015-12-26 hixiaoluo

    在pumch学到了很多

    0

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    2015-12-15 herog3

    协和还是厉害啊…

    0

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    2015-12-14 老段

    罕见概率

    0

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