J Clin Oncol:年轻癌症幸存者中HPV疫苗接种率调查

2017-10-30 佚名 肿瘤资讯

处于青少年或青年期的癌症幸存者因接受过抗肿瘤治疗,可能面临免疫功能下降,此外,这一年龄群体处于性活跃,因此,感染HPV的风险较高。近期,JCO发布的一项研究,调查了年轻癌症幸存者中HPV疫苗接种率,发现这类人群的HPV接种率较同年龄大众群体低,值得引发关注。

处于青少年或青年期的癌症幸存者因接受过抗肿瘤治疗,可能面临免疫功能下降,此外,这一年龄群体处于性活跃,因此,感染HPV的风险较高。近期,JCO发布的一项研究,调查了年轻癌症幸存者中HPV疫苗接种率,发现这类人群的HPV接种率较同年龄大众群体低,值得引发关注。

背景

过去几十年,对于儿童癌症患者的治疗取得了重大进展,因此儿童癌症幸存者的人数快速增长。多数的儿童癌症幸存者处于青少年或青年人(adolescents and young adults,AYAs),这一年龄段是性传播感染的高危人群。在美国,HPV是最常见的性传播感染病毒。在性活跃的AYAs中,HPV的感染率较高,女性为44.8%,男性为51.2%,预计每年有690万的AYAs为新发感染人群。

致瘤性HPV(如16,18,31,33,45,52和58型)的持续感染与肛门与生殖器及口咽部HPV相关的肿瘤发病显着相关。儿童癌症患者接受抗肿瘤治疗后可能会长时间处于免疫抑制状态,增加了HPV感染的风险,或既往有HPV的感染者会呈现病毒持续感染状态,从而引发HPV相关的恶性肿瘤。因此癌症幸存者相比于大众面临更高的HPV相关死亡的风险。

美国国家预防接种咨询委员会(ACIP)分别从2006年(女孩)和2011年(男孩)开始推荐青少年接种HPV疫苗,推荐可以从9岁开始接种,建议女性在26岁之前接种,男性在21岁(对于特殊男性群体可以延至26岁,包括癌症群体)之前接种。尽管ACIP制定了接种推荐建议,但HPV疫苗接种率在美国还是很低。大众人群HPV接种率较低的原因包括:对HPV相关治疗了解的欠缺,对健康的看法(对疫苗接种持否定态度,对HPV相关疾病对严重性了解不够,对HPV疫苗接种对获益了解甚少等),对性健康缺乏了解和交流,对疫苗安全性的担忧,没有相关医护人员推荐接种疫苗等。目前,很少有数据报道年轻癌症幸存者中的HPV接种率,尤其是刚刚完成癌症治疗的男性。本研究旨在评估完成抗肿瘤治疗1-5年内的癌症幸存者HPV疫苗的接种率,并与美国大众人群进行对比,发现影响疫苗接种的因素。

方法

本研究是一个横断面调查,从5个NCI选定的综合癌症中心中入组9-26岁的癌症幸存者。在进行调查前,癌症幸存者距离抗肿瘤治疗结束时间为12-60个月。癌症幸存者(>=18岁)或其父母(癌症幸存者年龄为9-17岁)完成HPV疫苗调查问卷,问卷中包括人口学特征,目前HPV疫苗接种状态(包括接种的年龄和既往接受的次数),调查收集的HPV接种率将与美国同年龄的大众人群HPV接种情况进行对比。调查中同时还了解了幸存者对HPV感染和相关健康风险的了解,对HPV相关健康问题的看法(如HPV相关疾病的易感性和严重性,对疫苗接种的态度和看法),可能存在的困难(如费用,安全性的担忧),社会环境的影响,HPV相关的交流,父母孩子性知识交流的情况。

结果

共筛选到1227例合格的病人(或父母),其中1046(85.2%)签署了知情同意书同意参加调查,最终982例(80%)完成了可评估的调查报告,研究入组流程图如下图1. 相比于非参加调查者,参加调查人群的年龄更大(平均年龄 16.3 vs 15.4岁;p=0.005),非西班牙白人更多(65.5% vs 58.8%;P=0.006)。参与调查的982例癌症幸存者的中位年龄为16.3岁(范围:9.0-26.9岁),在参加调查前,完成治疗的中位时间为2.7年(范围,1.0-5.0),男性54.6%,非西班牙白人占65.5%,36.2%诊断为急性白血病,93.0%接受过化疗。


图:研究入组流程图

HPV疫苗的接种率

在13-26岁之间的癌症幸存者中,HPV接种比例为23.8%(95%CI,20.6-27.0%),相比同年龄段的美国大众人群,接种率为40.5%(95%CI,40.2 -40.7%),两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。进一步根据年龄段进行分层,13-17岁之间的癌症幸存者较同年龄段的大众人群,HPV接种率显着更低(22.0% vs 42.5%;P<0.001)。相反,18-26岁之间的癌症幸存者,HPV接种率与同年龄段大众群体相当(25.3% vs 24.2%,P=0.6)。进一步对每一年龄段患者进行不同性别接种率分析,在13-17岁之间的癌症幸存者,无论男性还是女性,HPV接种率都较同年龄段的大众人群更低(女性,32.6% vs 51.9%;P<0.001;男性,14.0% vs 33.8%; P<0.001)。但在18-26岁年龄段中,女性癌症幸存者的HPV接种率较同年龄段大众女性接种率更高(45.7% vs 38.2%,P=0.04),男性则相当(7.5% vs 8.3%;P=0.7)。各个年龄段男性和女性接种率比较总结见下图2A。在9-12岁之间的癌症幸存者中,总的HPV接种率为5.9%,女性和男性的接种率分别为8.0%和4.2%。


图2A. 各个年龄段男性和女性接种率比较

进一步比较接种的次数,13-26岁的癌症幸存者接受了至少1次,2次或3次HPV疫苗的比例与同年龄段大众群体接种率比较分别为:1次或以上(23.8% vs 40.5%);2次或以上(18.1% vs 29.1%);3次或以上(13.5% vs 20.8%),各个组别比较均有显着统计学差异(P<0.001),总结见下图2B。


图2B:癌症幸存者和大众人群HPV接种次数比较

72%的癌症幸存者自诉既往没有接受过HPV疫苗接种的推荐建议,这类幸存者中仅5%接种了疫苗。在其余28%接受过接种建议的幸存者中,51%接种了疫苗,对这部分人群中进行不接种的人群进行分析发现,影响接种的因素有:保险没有覆盖HPV疫苗(OR, 7.5; 95% CI, 3.7 to 15.3; P<0.001);认可的接种障碍(OR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.6 to 6.9; P =0.001);年龄9-12岁(OR, 5.0; 95% CI, 1.9 to 13.1; P<0.001;参照组:13-17岁)。


图3:癌症幸存者中是否接受接种建议,影响HPV的接种率

结论和点评

本研究中我们发现,尽管年轻癌症幸存者中面临HPV相关疾病的高危易感风险,但这类人群中,HPV疫苗但接种率还是很低。此外,研究发现是否接受过接种建议,对癌症幸存者接种疫苗有很大的影响。后续需要进一步对不接种HPV的原因和潜在障碍进行分析,以期提高这类人群中HPV的接种率。

原始出处:

Klosky JL,et al.,Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Rates in Young Cancer Survivors.J Clin Oncol. 2017 Nov 1;35(31):3582-3590.

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    2018-08-27 minlingfeng
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