贾兰综合征患儿麻醉复苏期诱发**扭转型室性心动过速一例

2020-03-27 石琴芳 临床麻醉学杂志

患儿,男,2岁8个月,11kg,因“发现双耳听力差2年”入院,以聋哑症收治于耳鼻喉头颈外科,拟在全身麻醉下行人工耳蜗植入术。术前访视患儿,其父母诉患儿曾有过三次情绪剧烈激动后晕

患儿,男,2岁8个月,11kg,因“发现双耳听力差2年”入院,以聋哑症收治于耳鼻喉头颈外科,拟在全身麻醉下行人工耳蜗植入术。术前访视患儿,其父母诉患儿曾有过三次情绪剧烈激动后晕厥史,均在患儿平卧休息片刻即自行清醒,醒后与平时无差异,平素奔跑玩耍等剧烈运动与同龄儿童无异常,曾于当地儿童医院就诊,诊断为癫痫待查,未查出原因,近半年来未有发作。患儿无其他疾病及手术史,近两周无感冒发烧,患儿父母均无聋哑、突发晕厥病史。

查体,患儿生命体征平稳,HR90次/分,律齐,各瓣膜区未及杂音,双肺听诊对称,呼吸音清,患儿在父母的陪同及指导下进行术前访视,张口度约为患儿自身三指的宽度,头颈活动度正常,未见其他异常。

术前检查心电图示:窦性心律,V3导联尖角样T波,QT间期明显延长(QT/QTc:480/523ms)。超声心动图、胸部X线片、血常规、肝肾功能电解质均未见明显异常。由于QT间期延长,麻醉科医师考虑患儿可能患有长QT间期综合征,建议请心内科会诊,诊断为贾兰综合征,并给予普萘洛尔6.6mg,每天2次口服。请心内科会诊处治后,麻醉科医师再次访视患儿,并与家属再三交代风险,围手术期随时可能发生室速甚至室颤等恶性心律失常。

手术日晨,麻醉科医师在手术间内备好除颤仪及硫酸镁注射液,同时准备好肾上腺素等抢救药物。患儿术前在父母的陪伴下行静脉留置针,口服普萘洛尔至术日晨,术前给予咪达唑仑0.2mg/kg滴鼻,患儿入睡后抱入手术室,常规心电监护,放置好除颤仪电极板。给氧去氮,给予芬太尼2μg/kg、丙泊酚2.5mg/kg、顺式阿曲库铵0.15mg/kg、地塞米松2mg诱导,肌松起效后置入2#单管喉罩,喉罩对位良好,机控呼吸,切皮前给予氟比洛芬酯1mg/kg,术中以丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉维持,密切关注心电监护,手术持续约45min,手术切口处0.25%罗哌卡因局部浸润麻醉,手术结束后送往PACU。

患儿入PACU后未清醒,自主呼吸弱,给予阿托品0.15mg+新斯的明0.3mg拮抗残余肌松。患儿意识逐渐恢复,吸痰准备拔除喉罩,突然发生尖端扭转型室性心动过速(TdP),心室率190~210次/分,考虑吸痰刺激导致儿茶酚胺分泌,迅速拔除喉罩,面罩加压给氧,TdP持续约30s后自行转为窦性心律,HR90~100次/分,急查血气,结果显示血清电解质无异常。患儿呼吸平稳,自主呼吸SpO2 96%,轻拍安抚患儿,密切心电监护30min,无异常后跟随家属送回病房。

患儿送回病房约1h后,再发TdP一次,持续约60s,自行恢复,急诊行床边心电图,结果显示:窦性心律(78次/分),T波改变,QT间期明显延长(QT/QTc:628/661ms)。请小儿内科会诊,会诊后转至儿童重症监护病房(NICU),并将口服普萘洛尔调整至6.6mg,每天3次抗心律失常,磷酸肌酸钠保护心肌治疗,密切心电监护,手术日晚出现窦性心动过速一次,心率波动在135~145次/分,持续约2min后自行缓解,之后患儿未发生心律失常,于NICU治疗24h后转回耳鼻喉头颈外科,继续口服普萘洛尔治疗,术后1周患儿康复出院。

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讨论

先天性耳聋的患者可能合并其他的先天性异常,包括先天性长QT间期综合征(long Q-T syndrome,LQTS)。LQTS指具有心电图上QT间期延长、室性心律失常、晕厥和猝死的一组综合征,具有家族性,其伴有耳聋者由贾(Jervell)和兰-尼(Lange-Nielsen)首先描述,故又称贾兰综合征。有兄弟姐妹猝死病史、突然晕厥史以及诊断为不明原因的癫痫病史的患儿,都应该怀疑是否患有先天性长QT间期综合征。

由于LQTS是室性心律失常的高危因素,临床上对LQTS观察和处理非常重要,LQTS导致的心律失常常常为TdP。在此病例中,患儿晕厥均为情绪激动后发生,在外院诊断为癫痫待查,在本次电子耳蜗植入术前检查中,心电图检查显示QT间期延长,麻醉科医师术前访视怀疑患儿患有先天性LQTS,及时请心内科会诊给以处治。

β受体阻滞剂已经作为先天性LQTS的一线药物治疗,其抗心律失常的机制为降低或防止强烈交感刺激时发生的心脏跨壁复极离散度的增加。尽管β受体阻滞剂可以降低死亡率,但是在接受β受体阻滞剂治疗的患者中,仍然有1/3可能发生心跳骤停或猝死。对于接受β受体阻滞剂治疗后症状依旧难以控制的患者,可以考虑植入式心脏复律除颤器、起搏器或左颈胸交感神经节切除术。

对于要接受手术及麻醉的先天性LQTS患者,围术期应当继续使用β受体阻滞剂,准备好硫酸镁注射液和除颤仪,当发生TdP时首先考虑使用硫酸镁,如果没有反应或伴有血流动力学损害,则需要使用除颤仪进行直流电复律。任何的交感神经刺激,包括焦虑、哭闹和噪音都可能诱发TdP。因此,术前我们采取在父母的陪伴下进行静脉导管的留置,咪达唑仑滴鼻进行镇静,在父母的陪伴下入睡后抱入手术室。

为了避免气管插管及术后苏醒期气管导管导致的交感神经刺激,根据手术的时间及对体位的要求,我们选择了刺激较小的喉罩置入代替气管插管。围术期避免使用可能延长QT间期的麻醉药物和其他辅助药物。咪达唑仑不影响QT间期,而硫喷妥钠会导致QT间期的延长,丙泊酚在QT间期几乎没有或没有影响,甚至可以逆转七氟醚诱导的QT间期延长。研究显示挥发性麻醉剂(氟烷、异氟醚、地氟醚、七氟醚)均可以延长QT间期,尽管研究结果在临床应用中效果不太明确,但建议LQTS患者应避免使用这类药物。

在肌松药方面,研究显示,在健康的试验者中,维库溴铵和顺式阿曲库胺均对QT间期没有影响,此外,它们还具有无组胺释放及作用时间短的特点,是LQTS患者麻醉中肌松药物的首选。对于阿片类药物,尽管芬太尼对QT间期的影响具有争议性,但是在先天性LQTS患者中使用吗啡或者芬太尼并未发现QT间期延长。

基于这些发现,我们选择了全凭静脉麻醉。体外研究表明5HT3受体拮抗剂可能延长QT间期,昂丹司琼可能存在TdP的风险,因此在病例中,我们选择使用地塞米松来预防术后恶心呕吐。此外,抗胆碱酯酶药物作为肌松拮抗剂已被证明可以延长健康受试者的QT间期,术后应谨慎使用。术后复苏期间应保持环境的安静,给予充分的术后镇痛、缓解患儿术后的紧张焦虑及避免TdP的诱发因素。

本例患儿苏醒过程中,给予阿托品及新斯的明拮抗肌松,患儿苏醒时的吸痰刺激及未及时拔除喉罩引起的交感神经兴奋等因素导致TdP,及时去除诱因,拔除喉罩后,TdP迅速终止,恢复窦性心律。因此对于先天性LQTS患儿,建议在深麻醉下吸痰及拔管,拔管后面罩给氧密切监护至患儿苏醒。患儿术后再发TdP,自行好转,请儿科会诊后增加普萘洛尔用量,并转至儿科监护室密切监护24~48h,确定无TdP发作及TdP发作的危险因素后转至普通病房,在家属的陪伴下安全度过术后康复期至出院。

总之,先天性耳聋伴有长QT间期患儿的麻醉管理要注意以下几点:(1)围术期继续使用β受体阻滞剂;(2)由于交感神经的兴奋可能引发室性心律失常(如TdP),因此围术期避免交感神经刺激;(3)术前给予适当的镇静,围术期充分镇痛和避免使用延长QT间期的药物;(4)术后复苏期间减少刺激,避免使用抗胆碱酯酶药物,深麻醉下吸痰及拔管;(5)围术期准备好硫酸镁和除颤仪,以防出现心律失常。

原始出处:

石琴芳.贾兰综合征患儿麻醉复苏期诱发尖端扭转型室性心动过速一例[J].临床麻醉学杂志,2019(04):414-415.

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    2020-03-29 lizhou0204
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    2020-03-28 qingfengqishi5

    学习了,学习了

    0

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Lancet respir med:兰迪洛尔用于治疗脓毒症相关心动过速

兰迪洛尔可治疗脓毒症相关的心动过速,且耐受性良好

Circulation:湖北大学、波士顿儿童医院及哈佛大学合作研究:首次实现人源心肌微器官芯片心律失常体外建模

有一种病很要命,正常人进行运动或情绪过于激动只会引起心跳加快,而对于这类患者则可能导致昏厥,甚至心脏骤停及猝死,而且随着增龄,风险还会增进,这种病就是儿茶酚胺敏感室性心动过速(CPVT)。

一张心电图记录了两种心动过速,该如何诊治?

患者为29 岁年轻女性,反复发作性心悸病史4 年,心悸每次突然发生,突然停止,每次持续15-30 分钟,偶尔刺激咽部可终止,每年发作5-6 次,未重视及诊治。