NEJM:真正通用无需配型!临床研究显示,CAR-NK治疗完全缓解率达73%,一份捐献者脐带血,能制作100人份CAR-NK

2020-03-28 奇点糕 奇点网

近期的《新英格兰医学杂志》上,报告的一项最新临床试验结果显示:靶向CD19的CAR-NK细胞,治疗血液系统癌症的缓解率达到73%(8/11),其中7例还是完全缓解!

最近几年的CAR-T疗法,像是进入了深水区。奇点糕看到的要么是长期疗效数据,要么是新的制药巨头入局,堪称惊艳的新成果,似乎有段日子没出现了。

没办法,现有的CAR-T疗法确实有一些障碍,比如需要利用患者本身的T细胞,进行个体化的制备,过程相当困难,而且T细胞过强的免疫反应,也可能导致严重的副作用。

CAR-T想发威还真不容易

(图片来源:Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology)

但是有句老话说,办法总比困难多。用CAR技术改造免疫细胞,增强它们的战斗力,仍然是大有可为的。CAR-T搞不定的,也许CAR-NK、CAR-巨噬细胞就能行呢?

近期的《新英格兰医学杂志》上,报告的一项最新临床试验结果显示:靶向CD19的CAR-NK细胞,治疗血液系统癌症的缓解率达到73%(8/11),其中7例还是完全缓解!

单论缓解率数据,CAR-NK已经可以和CAR-T疗法一拼了,而且治疗不仅安全性良好,迅速起效,效果还非常持久,突破了此前NK细胞疗法持续性不强的瓶颈。

更加惊艳的是,这种CAR-NK疗法的制备,使用的NK细胞是来自其他捐献者的脐带血,且不需要HLA配型就能使用!这项来自MD安德森癌症中心的成果,可以说打响了2020年细胞疗法的第一炮。

据说有人认为通用型CAR-T会被CAR-NK干下去……(图片来源:《科学》)

要论杀伤癌细胞的能力,NK细胞其实比T细胞更胜一筹,而且NK细胞的来源更加广泛,可以来自外周血、脐带血和多能干细胞,来源和数量并不是问题,而且NK细胞的杀伤不需要像T细胞那样,经历抗原提呈这一步,就不需要HLA配型了。

但任何事物都有优缺点。NK细胞在人体内的占比低、寿命短、持续扩增能力弱,同样制约了它们的使用,正常情况下只能是抗肿瘤免疫的副将。

所以真要让CAR-NK细胞的使用变成现实,就得解决这些问题,而不是只用嵌合抗原受体技术,让它们靶向表达CD19的非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)和慢性淋巴细胞白血病(CLL)就算完了。

在本次的临床试验中,MD安德森癌症中心的研究团队,在二次编辑阶段对NK细胞的白介素-15(IL-15)基因进行了编辑,此前有研究显示,这能使NK细胞的存活时间至少倍增。

其实NK细胞免疫疗法的路线图,早就被画出来了(图片来源:Nature Reviews Drug Discovery)

除了存活时间,细胞疗法的安全性也是重点,虽然从理论上说,CAR-NK细胞引发细胞因子释放综合征等严重不良事件的风险,比CAR-T细胞要低,但研究团队还是加入了“自杀开关”Caspase 9。

做好了编辑,接下来就是制备。因为是临床早期试验,所以在NK细胞的用量和捐赠者配型上,研究团队的起步相当谨慎,剂量不断递增,而且前9名患者的HLA配型都和治疗的患者部分相合,直到最后治疗两名患者时,才放开了配型标准。

而且为了保证安全,每一名入组患者的治疗,都和前一名至少有两周的间隔,因此每个患者接受的CAR-NK治疗,都是单独制备的。但在技术上,研究团队早就能依靠一份捐献者脐带血,制备100份以上的CAR-NK疗法了。

毕竟患者都是经受过许多轮治疗的,谨慎一点也好,再说了临床试验,最后看的还是疗效和安全性嘛。在试验入组的11名患者中,8名在注射CAR-NK细胞后的30天内就达到了缓解,其中7名还是完全缓解,效果确实杠杠的。

当然也确实有一个患者治疗效果不好……

不过值得注意的是,这8名缓解患者有5名在缓解后接受了其他治疗,比如来那度胺、Venetoclax和骨髓移植,因此本次试验的PFS、缓解持续时间(DoR)等指标,并没有被列入考量范围当中。

研究团队关注的,更多是CAR-NK细胞注射到患者体内的扩增能力和存活时间,在这两项上,CAR-NK细胞的表现都不差,注射3天后数量开始扩增,存活时间在一些患者身上可以超过1年!

CAR-NK细胞长时间的存在,也只导致了血液学方面的一些3-4级不良事件,但这些对治疗整体并无明显的影响,以至于研究团队都没有启动“自杀开关”。

疗效好、更安全、容易制备还不挑配型,这些好处加在一起,让研究团队对本次的成果非常满意。目前MD安德森癌症中心已经与武田制药达成合作,预计会在2021年启动CAR-NK疗法的临床II期试验。

原始出处:. Liu E, Marin D, Banerjee P, et al. Use of CAR-Transduced Natural Killer Cells in CD19-Positive Lymphoid Tumors [J]. New England Journal of Medicine, 2020, 382(6): 545-53.

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    2020-08-01 仁者大医
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    2020-03-28 旺医

    顶刊就是顶刊,谢谢梅斯带来这么高水平的研究报道,我们科里同事经常看梅斯,分享梅斯上的信息

    0

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