慢性截瘫患者腹腔镜术中突发高血压1例

2018-05-25 张琳 程加文 岳静 中国实验诊断学

患者,女性,50岁,60kg。痛经、经量增多7个月,加重7天。

【一般资料】

患者,女性,50岁,60kg。

【主诉】

痛经、经量增多7个月,加重7天。

【既往史】

16年前车祸伤及胸椎导致截瘫,行胸椎骨折复位术,此后留置尿管至今,否认高血压糖尿病、肾病等。T4以下无痛觉、运动觉,有本体感觉,温觉。T4以上运动痛温觉正常,精神状态良好,双上肢可自由活动且无感觉障碍,无褥疮溃疡等。

【现病史】

诊断为子宫腺肌病,拟在全身麻醉下行腹腔镜下全子宫切除术。

【体格检查】

心电图、电解质、凝血功能正常,血常规:Hb111g/L。麻醉前监测:采用无创袖带监测血压、SpO2、ECG、BIS、PETCO2。入室SpO2:97%,HR:80bpm,BP:160/80mmHg。

【治疗】

麻醉诱导:静脉输注咪达唑仑0.1mg/kg,丙泊酚2mg/kg,顺式阿曲库铵0.15mg/kg,芬太尼4μg/kg,甲强龙80mg。药物诱导后出现膈肌痉挛,数秒后消失,通气无困难。喉镜置入后发现口腔有较多分泌物,吸净分泌物后,插入7.5号导管。手术前血压逐渐下降至88/48mmHg,给予麻黄碱10mg,同时加快羟乙基淀粉胶体输注,测袖带压上升至110/60mmHg。手术开始,腹腔镜气腹压为14mmHg,当病人体位改为头低脚高位,袖带压为220/100mmHg,心率65bpm,鼓肠明显,吸入高浓度七氟醚加深麻醉,连续测血压3min,血压仍无明显降低。静脉滴入硝酸甘油0.25mg,袖带压降至156/75mmHg,随后血压基本平稳,收缩压维持120-140mmHg。术中BIS稳定在40-55,气道峰压为30cmH2O,血流动力学基本平稳。手术开始时追加顺阿曲库铵3mg,丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼持续泵注。手术时长75min,术中输注胶体500ml,晶体液500ml,出血量50ml,尿量100ml,术中未追加肌松药物和芬太尼。手术结束恢复正常平卧位,血流动力学尚未明显波动,患者意识恢复,吸氧观察1h后,呼吸良好,断氧后SpO2达到96%,安全拔管。病人无明显不适,无痛觉,此时血压为97/52mmHg,HR为95bpm。次日血压平稳维持在120/80mmHg,恢复良好,5天后出院,无任何并发症。

【讨论】

探讨本病例术中突发持续高血压原因。由于该患者有16年截瘫病史,术中高血压的发生原因主要考虑方向为截瘫病理因素。慢性脊髓损伤后脊髓反射的机制仍存在,脊髓横断平面以下的刺激可作为传入冲动引起机体交感反应,导致损伤段以下的血管收缩,损伤段及以上段的内脏血管亦参与,导致血压升高。而脊髓受损患者其中枢下行通路被阻断,从而外周和内脏血管持续广泛收缩,表现为血压异常升高而不可自身调控。脊髓未受损的正常个体,脑干的中枢下行抑制通路可调控交感激活所引起的血压升高。据统计,48%-90%T6节段以上瘫痪患者有自主反射功能异常。诱发自主神经异常反射可完全由受损脊髓以下的刺激所引发,这些刺激包括:肠管扩张、膀胱扩张、尿路感染、逼尿肌-括约肌协同失调、胃溃疡、阑尾炎、月经期、怀孕期、分娩期、阴囊受压、射精、肺栓塞、压疮、利器伤或挤压伤、体温波动、骨折等创伤、手术以及检查程序或者疼痛。但在此患者发生高血压后,加深麻醉后血压并未下降,且根据BIS认为麻醉深度足够,术中并追加任何镇痛药物,故不考虑是由于麻醉浅诱发的自主神经高反射。有文献表明,高位截瘫后心血管功能紊乱可能与位于脊髓损伤部位的α(α1,α2)-肾上腺素受体表达变化有关,其数目绝对或相对增加或减少,两种受体数目比例失调,导致临床病理症状。有一项关于大鼠高位脊髓损伤模型试验进一步表明,慢性脊髓损伤时期,外周α1-肾上腺素受体敏感性增强,大鼠脊髓损伤平面以下节段α1-肾上腺素受体数目较α2-肾上腺素受体数目相对处于优势,故可能是引起神经高反射的机制之一。一项有关于大鼠的随机对照实验研究,为了分析脊髓损伤平面以下外周血管收缩机能与分子改变来描述自主神经反射失调的机制,用重锤装置制造T10平面以下的大鼠脊髓损伤模型,两星期后测量股动脉血流,分析α1-肾上腺素受体和血管收缩机能。与对照组比,脊髓损伤组的大鼠股动脉血流显著减少,而且股动脉的收缩反应随着α1-肾上腺素受体苯肾上腺素的累计增加而显著增强。该研究提供了证据证明长期去神经病变损伤平面以下的动脉平滑肌α1-肾上腺素受体的表达增加,增强了对α1-肾上腺素受体激动剂的反应,从而也促进了自主神经反射失调的发展。麻黄碱可直接兴奋α1、β1、β2受体,也可间接促使去甲肾上腺素的释放作用于α1受体。麻黄碱对于正常人升血压的作用较缓和,但在本病例中由于外周以及中枢神经α1-肾上腺素受体的改变,麻黄碱可能导致血压急剧升高。气腹及体位为导致患者高血压的次要因素。气腹时,腹腔压力可迅速将腹腔静脉血挤压入胸腔静脉,回心血量增加,心输出量增加,血压升高。气腹可使肾脏血管受压,肾灌注减少,刺激肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统,血管加压素释放增加,直接导致动脉压升高。腹腔镜气体CO2可被腹膜吸收,经过肺换气排出,对心血管系统有一定影响。CO2直接作用抑制心肌收缩,小动脉扩张,间接作用PaCO2上升或高碳酸血症则刺激交感神经导致儿茶酚胺升高,使其对心血管的总体作用以间接为主,使血压升高。该患者头低脚高位后,储存在下身的血液在重力作用下,回心血量大大增加使得心输出量增多,血压升高。这些作用综合起来导致血压急剧上升。尽管对脊髓损伤后的心血管功能失调关注增强,现在仍缺乏一个完整的对于自主神经反射异常的潜在病理生理机制理解。针对此患者,建议麻醉前行有创动脉压力监测,及时发现血流动力学波动并连续进行动脉血气分析;中心静脉穿刺置管,监测血容量和中心静脉压。麻醉前可给予长托宁抑制腺体分泌和迷走神经反射,适当输注胶体,缓慢诱导以减轻血流动力学波动。术前备好抢救药物:硝酸甘油、酚妥拉明、苯肾上腺素、阿托品等。全麻气管插管后行控制呼吸,调节气道压力,连续监测PaCO2。手术过程中应认真与外科医生沟通,先缓慢调整体位,观察体征至平稳,再实施气腹缓慢提升腹腔内压力。考虑到脊髓损伤后α(α1,α2)-肾上腺素受体表达变化,应谨慎使用α-肾上腺素受体激动剂。

原始出处:

张琳, 程加文, 岳静,等. 慢性截瘫患者腹腔镜术中突发高血压1例[J]. 中国实验诊断学, 2017, 21(1):81-82.

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    2018-06-04 jyzxjiangqin

    高血压急性症状的治疗.

    0

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    2018-05-27 cscdliu

    学习了.谢谢

    0

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    2018-05-26 happsf

    学习

    0

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    2018-05-25 虈亣靌

    学习了.好详细-

    0

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