服用他汀类降脂药有什么注意事项?

2018-07-18 李青 天津市泰达医院 李青大夫

他汀类药物是羟甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶抑制剂,也就是胆固醇合成酶的抑制剂,可抑制胆固醇和甘油三酯的合成和分泌,为目前临床上应用最广泛的一类降脂药。由于这类药物的英文名称均含有“statin”,故简称为他汀类。包括阿托伐他汀、瑞舒伐他汀、洛伐他汀、辛伐他汀、普伐他汀、氟伐他汀。

他汀类药物是羟甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶抑制剂,也就是胆固醇合成酶的抑制剂,可抑制胆固醇和甘油三酯的合成和分泌,为目前临床上应用最广泛的一类降脂药。由于这类药物的英文名称均含有“statin”,故简称为他汀类。包括阿托伐他汀、瑞舒伐他汀、洛伐他汀、辛伐他汀、普伐他汀、氟伐他汀。

目前对他汀类药物安全性主要集中在肝脏安全性、肌肉安全性、肾脏安全性、新发糖尿病和亚裔人群的使用等五个方面的问题。

一、肝脏安全性

他汀可以引起转氨酶升高,但发生率很低。据统计,他汀引起ALT(谷丙转氨酶)3倍升高的发生率不到1%,5倍升高的发生率<0.5%,9倍升高<0.2%。而且减量或停药后肝酶水平即可下降,即使不调整剂量,70%也会自行下降。在肝酶增高后继续使用他汀类,没有引起肝衰竭的报道,也没有证据表明他汀与明显的肝损伤及肝衰竭有关。

美国脂质协会对他汀安全性给出了建议:

总体来说,无需常规监测肝功能,但是当患者出现黄疸、不适、疲乏、无力等症状时需要监测;如果治疗期间,ALT或AST(谷草转氨酶)升高在1~3倍,不必停用他汀;如果超过3倍,应重复检测并定期复查,如仍持续高于此值且无其他原因可供解释,需停用他汀。

2012年FDA修改他汀说明书,也建议取消定期检查肝功规定,改为开始用药前和有肝功不良症状时。

总之,他汀类药物的肝脏安全性临床上无需过多考虑。

二、肌肉安全性

他汀所致肌损害主要包括肌痛、肌酶升高和横纹肌溶解。目前共21个临床试验结果显示,他汀相关肌病比率为5/10万人年,横纹肌溶解症比率为1.6/10万人年,发生率都很低。

不同他汀的肌肉安全性存在差别,但总体发生率低。不建议常规监测肌酸激酶(CK)水平,除非患者出现肌肉症状,如肌痛、肌无力等。一旦患者出现肌肉症状并伴CK>10倍的水平,应停止他汀类药物治疗。

三、肾脏安全性

目前认为,他汀对轻、中度慢性肾脏病(CKD)患者不仅没有影响,而且还能减少死亡率和心血管事件发生率,但对重度CKD或透析患者少有获益。慢性肾病并不妨碍他汀类药物的使用,但应根据肾功能水平选择不同的他汀和剂量,美国肾脏病学会的建议是,阿托伐他汀、普伐他汀无论肾功能如何都不需要调整剂量,而瑞舒伐他汀,当GFR<30 ml/min时,初始剂量5 mg/d,使用剂量不能超过10 mg/d。

四、新发糖尿病的问题

2012年FDA修改调脂药说明书指出,他汀需增加可能引起血糖升高等副作用的信息。在新发糖尿病风险方面,不同他汀没有差异,他汀增加新发糖尿病风险是类效应。

2014年美国脂质协会他汀安全性评估报告指出,在一级和二级预防中,使用他汀类药物或强化他汀治疗时,每增加1例糖尿病患者约可避免数例心血管事件。而FDA仍然认为,他汀类药物对心血管的益处远远大于其风险。

五、亚裔人群的用量问题

药代动力学研究表明,服用同等剂量的瑞舒伐他汀,亚裔人群的血药浓度比白种人高2倍。因此,对亚裔人群,建议瑞舒伐他汀的起始剂量为5 mg/d。欧盟药品管理局规定,瑞舒伐他汀40 mg禁用于亚裔人群。

而阿托伐他汀10~80 mg在亚裔和非亚裔人群都有一致的安全性。

六、总结

2015年,一项丹麦的研究显示,9%的新增他汀使用者因他汀的负面报道而停止用药。与继续用药患者相比,停药者发生心梗和死亡风险分别增加26%与18%。研究者认为,医生需要在告知患者他汀不良反应的同时,应重点说明他汀对大多数患者的益处超过了其风险。

总而言之,目前在临床上使用的他汀是非常安全的药物。不恰当的强调和渲染他汀类药物的不良反应,会使众多本可从他汀明显获益的患者对用药产生怀疑和延迟用药,尤其是对那些心血管高危患者,可能会由于未能及时用药和强化降脂,而导致有严重后果的心血管事件的发生。(部分内容有删减)

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    2019-06-04 topnew

    好的学习到

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    2018-07-20 Boyinsh
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    2018-07-18 329523732

    不错

    0

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    2018-07-18 医者仁心5538

    学习了

    0

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