Cell:肠道感染最终引发慢性疾病,这与肠神经元、巨噬细胞密切相关!

2020-01-15 不详 生物探索

在一个健康的肠道中,免疫系统通过炎症的方式来抵御感染,但是过多的炎症则会造成持久伤害。换言之,炎症往往好心办坏事。部分科学家认为感染可能会破坏肠道神经系统,从而导致肠易激综合征(irritablebowel syndrome, IBS)。洛克菲勒大学的研究者们通过试验,揭示了肠道神经元死亡的原因以及免疫系统的保护机制,该研究成果发表在《Cell》上。

在一个健康的肠道中,免疫系统通过炎症的方式来抵御感染,但是过多的炎症则会造成持久伤害。换言之,炎症往往好心办坏事。部分科学家认为感染可能会破坏肠道神经系统,从而导致肠易激综合征(irritablebowel syndrome, IBS)。洛克菲勒大学的研究者们通过试验,揭示了肠道神经元死亡的原因以及免疫系统的保护机制,该研究成果发表在《Cell》上。


DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2019.12.002

肠相关神经元(Enteric-associatedneurons, EANs)与免疫细胞密切相关,时刻监测和调节肠内稳态。为了了解感染对神经系统的影响、分析肠道内神经元,研究者给老鼠服用沙门氏菌spiB,其可以引起食物中毒,通过构建小鼠肠道感染模型,观察发现肠道运动能力降低、兴奋的iEAN减少等长期的肠道症状。

同时发现,这些细胞表达了促进特定炎症反应的两种基因NLRP 6和Caspase 11,反过来,他们可促使细胞程序性死亡。当研究人员敲除老鼠神经元中的这些基因时,发现神经元数量减少。



神经元(绿色)在炎症分子Nlrp 6(粉红色)附近沿着小肠边缘出现

Mucida实验室此前的研究表明,肠肌巨噬细胞(Intestinalmuscularis macrophages, MMs)会表达抗炎基因,并与神经元协作,使食物通过消化道运动。本研究进一步揭示了巨噬细胞拥有某种类型的受体分子,接受另一组神经元在感染后释放的应激信号。一旦被激活,这个受体就会促使巨噬细胞产生多胺分子,进而干扰细胞的死亡过程。



肠道细菌感染模型

综上,该研究发现(1)肠道感染可引起神经元减少和长期肠道症状,前者依赖于Nlrp 6和caspase 11基因,(2)MMs会对肠道病原体迅速反应,(3)神经元的死亡受MM-β2-肾上腺素-精氨酸酶1-多胺轴的限制。该课题组的博士后Paul Muller提到,利用对MMs的了解,我们可以思考如何减小神经元被杀死的炎症反应,比如通过促进多胺的产生、饮食或恢复肠道微生物群落等,为IBS开发出更好的治疗方法。

原始出处:

Fanny Matheis, Paul A. Muller, Christina L. Graves, et.al. Adrenergic Signaling in Muscularis Macrophages Limits Infection-Induced Neuronal Loss. Cell VOLUME 180, ISSUE 1, P64-78.E16, JANUARY 09, 2020

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