第五届呼吸危重症论坛:范红:中国成人医院获得性肺炎与呼吸机相关性肺炎(HAP/VAP)诊断和治疗指南(2018)解读

2019-03-25 Fiona MedSci原创

在CTS指南的HAP及VAP概念中不再区分早发和晚发:?医疗机构相关性肺炎(HCAP)不作为HAP的一个独立类型。?呼吸机相关性支气管炎(VAT):接受有创机械通气48小时后出现的细菌性气管支气管炎。不建议将VAT作为特定类型的临床诊断而启动抗菌药物治疗我国HAP/VAP的流行病学中,HAP/VAP在内的下呼吸道感染居医院获得性感染构成比之首。国内外研究均表明:多重耐药MDR或全耐药PDR菌的归隐

在CTS指南的HAP及VAP概念中不再区分早发和晚发:


1.医疗机构相关性肺炎(HCAP)不作为HAP的一个独立类型。

2.呼吸机相关性支气管炎(VAT):接受有创机械通气48小时后出现的细菌性气管支气管炎。不建议将VAT作为特定类型的临床诊断而启动抗菌药物治疗

我国HAP/VAP的流行病学中,HAP/VAP在内的下呼吸道感染居医院获得性感染构成比之首。



国内外研究均表明:多重耐药MDR或全耐药PDR菌的归隐病死率高达38.9%~60%。

我国HAP/VAP发生的危险因素


我国HAP病原谱构成与欧美差异很大,主要体现在:鲍曼不动杆菌最多,占16.2%~35.8%。中国HAP/VAP常见病原为不动杆菌属、金黄色葡萄球菌及铜绿假单胞菌等。

近几年,病原菌耐药性又有新变化,其中包括:

1.MDR鲍曼不动杆菌逐年上升

2.MDR铜绿假单胞菌逐年下降(23.0%降至10.3%)

3.除碳青霉烯耐药肠杆菌(CRE)外,VAP中其他MDR病原菌发生率通常高于HAP

4.三级医院耐药菌分离率高于二级医院,RICU高于普通病房

5.产ESBLs肠杆菌科细菌的分离率二级医院与三级医院类似甚至更高,以产ESBLs的大肠埃希氏菌最明显,为63.9%和53.3%

因此,在选择药物时,因地制宜更符合国情。

常见病原菌高敏感的药物如下:



注意

三级医院及而基层以下的医院的HAP/VAP的致病菌分布和耐药性均有很大差别,基层医院高质量研究数据缺乏,因此基层医院在确定经验性治疗方案时不能完全参照三级医院数据,应尽量参考当地医院微生物学资料。

诊断临床症状+病原学依据


对于病原学的检查,CTS指南与ERS/ESICM/ESCMID/ALAT管理指南观点更接近。以下是关于呼吸道标本的采集:



如何评估患者的病情严重程度?



常用病情严重程度评分系统包括序贯器官衰竭SOFA评分,急性生理与慢性健康II评分(APACHE);对于非ICU患者,快速SOFA(aSOFA)预测住院病死率效能优于SOFA。

相对于既往指南,本次指南新增了临床诊疗思路:



CTS经验性治疗:区分HAP/VAP,分别按照疾病严重度和MDR风险推荐治疗方案


MDR的风险评估与经验治疗:

1.前90天内曾静脉使用抗菌药物

2.住院时间5天以上发生的VAP

3.病情危重、合并感染性休克

4.接受持续肾脏替代治疗等

5.其他可能的耐药风险:有产MDR耐药菌感染或定植史,反复或长期住院病史,入住ICU,存在结构性肺病,重度肺功能减退,接受糖皮质激素治疗,免疫抑制或存在免疫功能障碍,在耐药菌高发的医疗机构住院,皮肤黏膜屏障破坏。

经验性抗菌治疗选药原则

1.有条件的医院定期制定并发布HAP/VAP致病菌组成及其药敏谱,据此选择经验性抗菌药物

2.呼吸道存在MRSA定值或MRSA分离率高的医疗单元内的患者,建议经验性覆盖MRSA

3.有MDR铜绿假单胞菌和其他MDR革兰阴性杆菌感染危险因素或死亡风险高的HAP/VAP患者,建议联合使用两种不同类别抗菌药物

4.无危重、无MDR感染危险因素的HAP/VAP患者,经验性治疗可只使用一种抗菌药物

5.建议多粘菌素和替加环素仅用于有XDR革兰阴性菌感染风险的患者

6.在伴脓毒症的HAP/VAP患者,需根据抗菌药物的理化特性、PK/PD特点和器官(尤其是肝脏和肾脏)功能障碍程度调整药物的负荷剂量和维持剂量

基本原则:


为使抗菌药物联合时在体内达到漂亮的协同作用,用于治疗的药物最好具备下列条件:



以上就是本期的专题报道,更多精彩内容,请持续关注梅斯医学。

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    2021-11-11 1461fe16m02

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    2019-12-29 hxzhang
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  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1069301, encodeId=8dab10693012f, content=受益匪浅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201022/560f15a0277d43b6a97093df9d0bd9c6/495b8d7c43964f24a256a019fb92ab8e.jpg, createdBy=4aac5114077, createdName=1461fe16m02, createdTime=Thu Nov 11 16:10:56 CST 2021, time=2021-11-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1934895, encodeId=cfd6193489521, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1072646328c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#治疗指南#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64632, encryptionId=1072646328c, topicName=治疗指南)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6732482, createdName=w984445tii, createdTime=Wed Aug 28 04:29:00 CST 2019, time=2019-08-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1943342, encodeId=ed5b194334224, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ea82182e611' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#VAP#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=18276, encryptionId=ea82182e611, topicName=VAP)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4f9e287, createdName=hxzhang, createdTime=Sun Dec 29 10:29:00 CST 2019, time=2019-12-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2042640, encodeId=08a220426407f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=999c88014ea' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#获得性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=20, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=88014, encryptionId=999c88014ea, topicName=获得性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d4b7363, createdName=pandamao2010, createdTime=Sun Feb 16 17:29:00 CST 2020, time=2020-02-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1837663, encodeId=1629183e663d2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3f34e253206' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#相关性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=72532, encryptionId=3f34e253206, topicName=相关性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a9de34, createdName=shenxlcyp, createdTime=Wed Dec 25 11:29:00 CST 2019, time=2019-12-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=370161, encodeId=53b93e01613e, content=呼吸危重症论坛。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Tue Jul 23 18:56:04 CST 2019, time=2019-07-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=369536, encodeId=082b369536ec, content=呼吸危重论坛。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Fri Jul 12 15:03:36 CST 2019, time=2019-07-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1253262, encodeId=2d821253262f7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=909339652f5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#呼吸机#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=39652, encryptionId=909339652f5, topicName=呼吸机)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=726030, createdName=Boyinsh, createdTime=Wed Mar 27 00:29:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-07-23 jyzxjiangqin

    呼吸危重症论坛。

    0

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    2019-07-12 jyzxjiangqin

    呼吸危重论坛。

    0

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    2019-03-27 Boyinsh

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